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•        Horses in warfare

Scotland Forever! [crop] depicting the charge of the Royal Scots Greys at the Battle of Waterloo.

The first use of horses in warfare occurred over 5,000 years ago. The earliest evidence of horses ridden in warfare dates from Eurasia between 4000 and 3000 BC. A Sumerian illustration of warfare from 2500 BC depicts some type of equine pulling wagons. By 1600 BC, improved harness and chariotdesigns made chariot warfare common throughout the Ancient Near East, and the earliest written training manual for war horses was a guide for training chariot horses written about 1350 BC. As formal cavalry tactics replaced the chariot, so did new training methods, and by 360 BC, the Greek cavalry officer Xenophon had written an extensive treatise on horsemanship. The effectiveness of horses in battle was also revolutionized by improvements in technology, including the invention of the saddle, the stirrup, and later, the horse collar.

Many different types and sizes of horse were used in war, depending on the form of warfare. The type used varied with whether the horse was being ridden or driven, and whether they were being used for reconnaissance, cavalry charges, raiding, communication, or supply. Throughout history, mulesand donkeys as well as horses played a crucial role in providing support to armies in the field.

Horses were well suited to the warfare tactics of the nomadic cultures from the steppes of Central Asia. Several East Asian cultures made extensive use of cavalry and chariots. Muslim warriors relied upon light cavalry in their campaigns throughout North Africa, Asia, and Europe beginning in the 7th and 8th centuries AD. Europeans used several types of war horses in the Middle Ages, and the best-known heavy cavalry warrior of the period was the armoured knight. With the decline of the knight and rise of gunpowder in warfare, light cavalry again rose to prominence, used in both European warfare and in the conquest of the Americas. Battle cavalry developed to take on a multitude of roles in the late 18th century and early 19th century and was often crucial for victory in the Napoleonic wars. In the Americas, the use of horses and development of mounted warfare tactics were learned by several tribes of indigenous people and in turn, highly mobile horse regiments were critical in the American Civil War.

Horse cavalry began to be phased out after World War I in favour of tank warfare, though a few horse cavalry units were still used into World War II, especially as scouts. By the end of World War II, horses were seldom seen in battle, but were still used extensively for the transport of troops and supplies. Today, formal battle-ready horse cavalry units have almost disappeared, though the United States Army Special Forces used horses in battle during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. Horses are still seen in use by organized armed fighters in Third World countries. Many nations still maintain small units of mounted riders for patrol and reconnaissance, and military horse units are also used for ceremonial and educational purposes. Horses are also used for historical reenactment of battles, law enforcement, and in equestriancompetitions derived from the riding and training skills once used by the military.

•           

•         Types of horse used in warfare[edit]

A fundamental principle of equine conformation is "form to function". Therefore, the type of horse used for various forms of warfare depended on the work performed, the weight a horse needed to carry or pull, and distance travelled.[1] Weight affects speed and endurance, creating a trade-off: armour added protection,[2] but added weight reduces maximum speed.[3] Therefore, various cultures had different military needs. In some situations, one primary type of horse was favoured over all others.[4] In other places, multiple types were needed; warriors would travel to battle riding a lighter horse of greater speed and endurance, and then switch to a heavier horse, with greater weight-carrying capacity, when wearing heavy armour in actual combat.[5]

The average horse can carry up to approximately 30% of its body weight.[6] While all horses can pull more than they can carry, the weight horses can pull varies widely, depending on the build of the horse, the type of vehicle, road conditions, and other factors.[7]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-Cotner1-8"[8]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-9"[9] Horses harnessed to a wheeled vehicle on a paved road can pull as much as eight times their weight,[10] but far less if pulling wheelless loads over unpaved terrain.[11]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-12"[12] Thus, horses that were driven varied in size and had to make a trade-off between speed and weight, just as did riding animals. Light horses could pull a small war chariot at speed.[13] Heavy supply wagons, artillery, and support vehicles were pulled by heavier horses or a larger number of horses.[14] The method by which a horse was hitched to a vehicle also mattered: horses could pull greater weight with a horse collar than they could with a breast collar, and even less with an ox yoke.[15]

Light-weight[edit]

Hussars were a light type of cavalrybetween the 15th and 19th century. Here, French hussars during the Napoleonic Wars.

Light, oriental horses such as the ancestors of the modern Arabian, Barb, and Akhal-Teke were used for warfare that required speed, endurance and agility.[16] Such horses ranged from about 12 hands (48 inches, 122 cm) to just under 15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm), weighing approximately 800 to 1,000 pounds (360 to 450 kg).[17] To move quickly, riders had to use lightweight tack and carry relatively light weapons such as bows, light spears, javelins, or, later, rifles. This was the original horse used for early chariot warfare, raiding, and light cavalry.[18]

Relatively light horses were used by many cultures, including the Ancient Egyptians,[19] the Mongols, the Arabs,[20] and the Native Americans. Throughout the Ancient Near East, small, light animals were used to pull chariots designed to carry no more than two passengers, a driver and a warrior.[21]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-Bennett29-22"[22] In the European Middle Ages, a lightweight war horse became known as the rouncey.[23]

Medium-weight[edit]

Arriving Japanese samuraiprepares to man the fortification against invaders of the Mongol invasions of Japan, painted c. 1293 AD. By this time, a medium-weight horse was used.

Medium-weight horses developed as early as the Iron Age with the needs of various civilizations to pull heavier loads, such as chariots capable of holding more than two people,[22] and, as light cavalry evolved into heavy cavalry, to carry heavily armoured riders.[24] The Scythians were among the earliest cultures to produce taller, heavier horses.[25] Larger horses were also needed to pull supply wagons and, later on, artillery pieces. In Europe, horses were also used to a limited extent to maneuver cannons on the battlefield as part of dedicated horse artillery units. Medium-weight horses had the greatest range in size, from about 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) but stocky,[24]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-Hyland85-26"[26] to as much as 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm),[27] weighing approximately 1,000 to 1,200 pounds (450 to 540 kg). They generally were quite agile in combat,[28] though they did not have the raw speed or endurance of a lighter horse. By the Middle Ages, larger horses in this class were sometimes called destriers. They may have resembled modern Baroque or heavy warmblood breeds.[note 1] Later, horses similar to the modern warmblood often carried European cavalry.[30]

Heavy-weight[edit]

Large, heavy horses, weighing from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds (680 to 910 kg), the ancestors of today's draught horses, were used, particularly in Europe, from the Middle Ages onward. They pulled heavy loads like supply wagons and were disposed to remain calm in battle. Some historians believe they may have carried the heaviest-armoured knights of the European Late Middle Ages, though others dispute this claim, indicating that the destrier, or knight's battle horse, was a medium-weight animal. It is also disputed whether the destrier class included draught animals or not.[31] Breeds at the smaller end of the heavyweight category may have included the ancestors of the Percheron, agile for their size and physically able to manoeuvre in battle.[32]

Ponies[edit]

The British Army's 2nd Dragoons in 1813 had 340 ponies of 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) and 55 ponies of 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm);[33] the Lovat Scouts, formed in 1899, were mounted on Highland ponies;[34] the British Army recruited 200 Dales ponies in World War II for use as pack and artillery animals;[35] and the British Territorial Army experimented with the use of Dartmoor ponies as pack animals in 1935, finding them to be better than mules for the job.[36]

Other equids[edit]

Horses were not the only equids used to support human warfare. Donkeys have been used as pack animals from antiquity[37] to the present.[38] Mules were also commonly used, especially as pack animals and to pull wagons, but also occasionally for riding.[39] Because mules are often both calmer and hardier than horses,[40] they were particularly useful for strenuous support tasks, such as hauling supplies over difficult terrain. However, under gunfire, they were less cooperative than horses, so were generally not used to haul artillery on battlefields.[8] The size of a mule and work to which it was put depended largely on the breeding of the mare that produced the mule. Mules could be lightweight, medium weight, or even, when produced from draught horse mares, of moderate heavy weight.[41]

•         Asia[edit]

Central Asia[edit]

See also: Mongol military tactics and organization and Nomadic empire

Relations between steppe nomads and the settled people in and around Central Asia were often marked by conflict.[99]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-Ellis120-101"[100] The nomadic lifestyle was well suited to warfare, and steppe cavalry became some of the most militarily potent forces in the world, only limited by nomads' frequent lack of internal unity. Periodically, strong leaders would organise several tribes into one force, creating an almost unstoppable power.[101]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-103"[102] These unified groups included the Huns, who invaded Europe,[103] and under Attila, conducted campaigns in both eastern France and northern Italy, over 500 miles apart, within two successive campaign seasons.[72] Other unified nomadic forces included the Wu Hu attacks on China,[104] and the Mongol conquest of much of Eurasia.[105]

India[edit]

Manuscript illustration of the Mahabharata War, depicting warriors fighting on horse chariots

Main article: History of the horse in South Asia

The literature of ancient India describes numerous horse nomads. Some of the earliest references to the use of horses in South Asian warfare are Puranic texts, which refer to an attempted invasion of India by the joint cavalry forces of the Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, and Paradas, called the "five hordes" (pañca.ganah) or "Kśatriya" hordes (Kśatriya ganah). About 1600 BC, they captured the throne of Ayodhya by dethroning the Vedicking, Bahu.[106] Later texts, such as the Mahābhārata, c. 950 BC, appear to recognise efforts taken to breed war horses and develop trained mounted warriors, stating that the horses of the Sindhu and Kamboja regions were of the finest quality, and the Kambojas, Gandharas, and Yavanas were expert in fighting from horses.[107]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-109"[108][109]

In technological innovation, the early toe loop stirrup is credited to the cultures of India, and may have been in use as early as 500 BC.[62] Not long after, the cultures of Mesopotamia and Ancient Greece clashed with those of central Asia and India. Herodotus(484–425 BC) wrote that Gandarian mercenaries of the Achaemenid Empire were recruited into the army of emperor Xerxes I of Persia (486–465 BC), which he led against the Greeks.[110] A century later, the "Men of the Mountain Land," from north of Kabul River,[note 2] served in the army of Darius III of Persia when he fought against Alexander the Great at Arbela in 331 BC.[111] In battle against Alexander at Massaga in 326 BC, the Assakenoi forces included 20,000 cavalry.[112] The Mudra-Rakshasa recounted how cavalry of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Kiratas, Parasikas, and Bahlikas helped Chandragupta Maurya (c. 320–298 BC) defeat the ruler of Magadha and take the throne, thus laying the foundations of Mauryan Dynasty in Northern India.[113]

Mughal cavalry used gunpowder weapons, but were slow to replace the traditional composite bow.[114] Under the impact of European military successes in India, some Indian rulers adopted the European system of massed cavalry charges, although others did not.[115] By the 18th century, Indian armies continued to field cavalry, but mainly of the heavy variety.

East Asia[edit]

Yabusame archers, Edo period

Main article: Horses in East Asian warfare

The Chinese used chariots for horse-based warfare until light cavalry forces became common during the Warring States era (402–221 BC). A major proponent of the change to riding horses from chariots was Wu Ling, c. 320 BC. However, conservative forces in China often opposed change, and cavalry never became as dominant as in Europe. Cavalry in China also did not benefit from the additional cachet attached to being the military branch dominated by the nobility.[116]

The Japanese samurai fought as cavalry for many centuries.[117] They were particularly skilled in the art of using archery from horseback. The archery skills of mounted samurai were developed by training such as Yabusame, which originated in 530 AD and reached its peak under Minamoto no Yoritomo(1147–1199 AD) in the Kamakura period.[118] They switched from an emphasis on mounted bowmen to mounted spearmen during the Sengoku period (1467–1615 AD).

Middle East[edit]

Further information: Furusiyya

Spanish and Moorish light cavalry (jinetes) skirmish at the 1431 Battle of La Higueruela

During the period when various Islamic empires controlled much of the Middle East as well as parts of West Africa and the Iberian peninsula, Muslim armies consisted mostly of cavalry, made up of fighters from various local groups, mercenaries and Turkoman tribesmen. The latter were considered particularly skilled as both lancers and mounted archers. In the 9th century the use of Mamluks, slaves raised to be soldiers for various Muslim rulers, became increasingly common.[119] Mobile tactics, advanced breeding of horses, and detailed training manuals made Mamluk cavalry a highly efficient fighting force.[120] The use of armies consisting mostly of cavalry continued among the Turkish people who founded the Ottoman Empire. Their need for large mounted forces lead to an establishment of the sipahi, cavalry soldiers who were granted lands in exchange for providing military service in times of war.[121]

Mounted Muslim warriors conquered North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula during the 7th and 8th centuries AD following the Hegira, or Hijra, of Muhammad in 622 AD. By 630 AD, their influence expanded across the Middle East and into western North Africa. By 711 AD, the light cavalry of Muslim warriors had reached Spain, and controlled most of the Iberian peninsula by 720.[122] Their mounts were of various oriental types, including the North African Barb. A few Arabian horses may have come with the Ummayads who settled in the Guadalquivir valley. Another strain of horse that came with Islamic invaders was the Turkoman horse.[123] Muslim invaders travelled north from nowadays Spain into France, where they were defeated by the Frankish ruler Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD.[124]

Europe[edit]

Antiquity[edit]

Main articles: Hippeis, Companion cavalry, Auxilia, and Roman cavalry

Further information: Celtic warfare, Ancient warfare, Ancient Macedonian army, and Hellenistic armies

The Middle Ages[edit]

Main article: Horses in the Middle Ages

A re-imagination of Louis III and Carloman's 879 victory over the vikings; Jean Fouquet, Grandes Chroniques de France

During the European Middle Ages, there were three primary types of war horses: The destrier, the courser, and the rouncey, which differed in size and usage. A generic word used to describe medieval war horses was charger, which appears interchangeable with the other terms.[125] The medieval war horse was of moderate size, rarely exceeding 15.2 hands (62 inches, 157 cm). Heavy horses were logistically difficult to maintain and less adaptable to varied terrains.[126]The destrier of the early Middle Ages was moderately larger than the courser or rouncey, in part to accommodate heavier armoured knights.[127] However, destriers were not as large as draught horses, averaging between 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) and 15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm).[26] On the European continent, the need to carry more armour against mounted enemies such as the Lombards and Frisians led to the Franks developing heavier, bigger horses.[128]As the amount of armour and equipment increased in the later Middle Ages, the height of the horses increased; some late medieval horse skeletons were of horses over 15 hands.[127]

Stallions were often used as destriers due to their natural aggression.[129] However, there may have been some use of mares by European warriors,[129] and mares, who were quieter and less likely to call out and betray their position to the enemy, were the preferred war horse of the Moors, who invaded various parts of Southern Europe from 700 AD through the 15th century.[130] Geldings were used in war by the Teutonic Knights, and known as "monk horses" (German Mönchpferde or Mönchhengste). One advantage was if captured by the enemy, they could not be used to improve local bloodstock, thus maintaining the Knights' superiority in horseflesh.

Uses[edit]

The heavy cavalry charge, while it could be effective, was not a common occurrence.[132] Battles were rarely fought on land suitable for heavy cavalry. While mounted riders remained effective for initial attacks,[133] by the end of the 14th century, it was common for knights to dismount to fight,[134] while their horses were sent to the rear, kept ready for pursuit.[135] Pitched battles were avoided if possible, with most offensive warfare in the early Middle Ages taking the form of sieges,[136] and in the later Middle Ages as mounted raids called chevauchées, with lightly armed warriors on swift horses.[note 3]

Jousting is a sport that evolved out of heavy cavalry practice.

The war horse was also seen in hastiludes—martial war games such as the joust, which began in the 11th century both as sport and to provide training for battle.[139] Specialised destriers were bred for the purpose,[140] although the expense of keeping, training, and outfitting them kept the majority of the population from owning one.[141] While some historians suggest that the tournament had become a theatrical event by the 15th and 16th centuries, others argue that jousting continued to help cavalry train for battle until the Thirty Years' War.[142]

Transition[edit]

The decline of the armoured knight was probably linked to changing structures of armies and various economic factors, and not obsolescence due to new technologies. However, some historians attribute the demise of the knight to the invention of gunpowder,[143] or to the English longbow.[144] Some link the decline to both technologies.[145] Others argue these technologies actually contributed to the development of knights: plate armour was first developed to resist early medieval crossbow bolts,[146] and the full harness worn by the early 15th century developed to resist longbow arrows.[147] From the 14th century on, most plate was made from hardened steel, which resisted early musket ammunition.[146] In addition, stronger designs did not make plate heavier; a full harness of musket-proof plate from the 17th century weighed 70 pounds (32 kg), significantly less than 16th century tournament armour.[148]

The move to predominately infantry-based battles from 1300 to 1550 was linked to both improved infantry tactics and changes in weaponry.[149] By the 16th century, the concept of a combined-arms professional army had spread throughout Europe.[147] Professional armies emphasized training, and were paid via contracts, a change from the ransom and pillaging which reimbursed knights in the past. When coupled with the rising costs involved in outfitting and maintaining armour and horses, the traditional knightly classes began to abandon their profession.[150] Light horses, or prickers, were still used for scouting and reconnaissance; they also provided a defensive screen for marching armies.[135] Large teams of draught horses or oxen pulled the heavy early cannon.[151] Other horses pulled wagons and carried supplies for the armies.

•         20th century[edit]

Although cavalry was used extensively throughout the world during the 19th century, horses became less important to warfare after the beginning of the 20th century. Light cavalry was still seen on the battlefield at the beginning of the 20th century, but formal mounted cavalry began to be phased out for combat during and immediately after World War I, although units that included horses still had military uses well into World War II.[190]

World War I[edit]

Australian Imperial Forcelight horsemen, 1914

Main article: Horses in World War I

World War I saw great changes in the use of cavalry. The mode of warfare changed, and the use of trench warfare, barbed wire and machine guns rendered traditional cavalry almost obsolete. Tanks, introduced in 1917, began to take over the role of shock combat.[191]

Early in the War, cavalry skirmishes were common, and horse-mounted troops widely used for reconnaissance.[192] On the Western Front cavalry were an effective flanking force during the "Race to the Sea" in 1914, but were less useful once trench warfare was established.[193]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-WILL99-199"[194] There a few examples of successful shock combat, and cavalry divisions also provided important mobile firepower.[157] Cavalry played a greater role on the Eastern Front, where trench warfare was less common.[194] On the Eastern Front, and also against the Ottomans, the "cavalry was literally indispensable."[157] British Empire cavalry proved adaptable, since they were trained to fight both on foot and while mounted, while other European cavalry relied primarily on shock action.[157]

On both fronts, the horse was also used as a pack animal. Because railway lines could not withstand artillery bombardments, horses carried ammunition and supplies between the railheads and the rear trenches, though the horses generally were not used in the actual trench zone.[195] This role of horses was critical, and thus horse fodder was the single largest commodity shipped to the front by some countries.[195] Following the war, many cavalry regiments were converted to mechanised, armoured divisions, with light tanks developed to perform many of the cavalry's original roles.[196]

World War II[edit]

Polish Cavalry during a Polish Armymanoeuvre in late 1930s.

Main article: Horses in World War II

Several nations used horse units during World War II. The Polish army used cavalry to defend against the armies of Nazi Germany during the 1939 invasion.[197] Both the Germans and the Soviet Union maintained cavalry units throughout the war,[163] particularly on the Eastern Front.[157] The British Army used horses early in the war, and the final British cavalry charge was on March 21, 1942, when the Burma Frontier Force encountered Japaneseinfantry in central Burma.[198] The only American cavalry unit during World War II was the 26th Cavalry. They challenged the Japanese invaders of Luzon, holding off armoured and infantry regiments during the invasion of the Philippines, repelled a unit of tanks in Binalonan, and successfully held ground for the Allied armies' retreat to Bataan.[199]

Throughout the war, horses and mules were an essential form of transport, especially by the British in the rough terrain of Italy and the Middle East.[200]The United States Army utilised a few cavalry and supply units during the war, but there were concerns that the Americans did not use horses often enough. In the campaigns in North Africa, generals such as George S. Patton lamented their lack, saying, "had we possessed an American cavalry division with pack artillery in Tunisia and in Sicily, not a German would have escaped."[190]

The German and the Soviet armies used horses until the end of the war for transportation of troops and supplies. The German Army, strapped for motorised transport because its factories were needed to produce tanks and aircraft, used around 2.75 million horses—more than it had used in World War I.[195] One German infantry division in Normandy in 1944 had 5,000 horses.[163] The Soviets used 3.5 million horses.[195]

•         Recognition[edit]

A memorial to the horses that served in the Second Boer War.

While many statues and memorials have been erected to human heroes of war, often shown with horses, a few have also been created specifically to honor horses or animals in general. One example is the Horse Memorial in Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.[201] Both horses and mules are honored in the Animals in War Memorial in London's Hyde Park.[202]

Horses have also at times received medals for extraordinary deeds. After the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War, a surviving horse named Drummer Boy, ridden by an officer of the 8th Hussars, was given an unofficial campaign medal by his rider that was identical to those awarded to British troops who served in the Crimea, engraved with the horse's name and an inscription of his service.[203] A more formal award was the PDSA Dickin Medal, an animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals charity in the United Kingdom to three horses that served in World War II.[202]

•         Modern uses[edit]

Afghan and United States military forces on horseback in Afghanistan, 2001

Today, many of the historical military uses of the horse have evolved into peacetime applications, including exhibitions, historical reenactments, work of peace officers, and competitive events. Formal combat units of mounted cavalry are mostly a thing of the past, with horseback units within the modern military used for reconnaissance, ceremonial, or crowd control purposes. With the rise of mechanised technology, horses in formal national militias were displaced by tanks and armored fighting vehicles, often still referred to as "cavalry".[204]

Active military[edit]

Organised armed fighters on horseback are occasionally seen. The best-known current examples are the Janjaweed, militia groups seen in the Darfurregion of Sudan, who became notorious for their attacks upon unarmed civilian populations in the Darfur conflict.[205] Many nations still maintain small numbers of mounted military units for certain types of patrol and reconnaissance duties in extremely rugged terrain, including the conflict in Afghanistan.[206]

At the beginning of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operational Detachment Alpha 595 teams were covertly inserted into Afghanistan on October 19, 2001.[207] Horses were the only suitable transportation for the difficult mountainous terrain of Northern Afghanistan.[208] They were the first U.S. soldiers to ride horses into battle since January 16, 1942, when the U.S. Army’s 26th Cavalry Regiment charged an advanced guard of the 14th Japanese Army as it advanced from Manila.[209]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-Independent-215"[210][211]

The only remaining operationally ready, fully horse-mounted regular regiment in the world is the Indian Army's 61st Cavalry.[212]

Law enforcement and public safety[edit]

Mounted police in Poznań, Poland

Main articles: Mounted police and Mounted search and rescue

Mounted police have been used since the 18th century, and still are used worldwide to control traffic and crowds, patrol public parks, keep order in processionals and during ceremonies and perform general street patrol duties. Today, many cities still have mounted police units. In rural areas, horses are used by law enforcement for mounted patrols over rugged terrain, crowd control at religious shrines, and border patrol.[213]

In rural areas, law enforcement that operates outside of incorporated cities may also have mounted units. These include specially deputised, paid or volunteer mounted search and rescue units sent into roadless areas on horseback to locate missing people.[214] Law enforcement in protected areas may use horses in places where mechanised transport is difficult or prohibited. Horses can be an essential part of an overall team effort as they can move faster on the ground than a human on foot, can transport heavy equipment, and provide a more rested rescue worker when a subject is found.[215]

Ceremonial and educational uses[edit]

See also: Historical reenactment

Horse Cavalry Detachment of the U.S. Army's 1st Cavalry Division demonstrating a mock cavalry charge at Fort Bliss, Texas

Many countries throughout the world maintain traditionally trained and historically uniformed cavalry units for ceremonial, exhibition, or educational purposes. One example is the Horse Cavalry Detachment of the U.S. Army's 1st Cavalry Division.[216] This unit of active duty soldiers approximates the weapons, tools, equipment and techniques used by the United States Cavalry in the 1880s.[39] It is seen at change of command ceremonies and other public appearances.[39] A similar detachment is the Governor General's Horse Guards, Canada's Household Cavalry regiment, the last remaining mounted cavalry unit in the Canadian Forces.[217]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-223"[218] Nepal's King's Household Cavalry is a ceremonial unit with over 100 horses and is the remainder of the Nepalese cavalry that existed since the 19th century.[219] An important ceremonial use is in military funerals, which often have a caparisoned horse as part of the procession, "to symbolize that the warrior will never ride again".[220]

Horses are also used in many historical reenactments.[221] Reenactors try to recreate the conditions of the battle or tournament with equipment that is as authentic as possible.[222]

Equestrian sport[edit]

Main articles: Equestrian at the Summer Olympics, Dressage, Show jumping, and Eventing

Modern-day Olympic equestrian events are rooted in cavalry skills and classical horsemanship.[223] The first equestrian events at the Olympics were introduced in 1912, and through 1948, competition was restricted to active-duty officers on military horses.[224] Only after 1952, as mechanisation of warfare reduced the number of military riders, were civilian riders allowed to compete.[225]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare#cite_note-231"[226] Dressage traces its origins to Xenophon and his works on cavalry training methods, developing further during the Renaissance in response to a need for different tactics in battles where firearms were used.[227] The three-phase competition known as Eventing developed out of cavalry officers' needs for versatile, well-schooled horses.[228] Though show jumping developed largely from fox hunting, the cavalry considered jumping to be good training for their horses,[229] and leaders in the development of modern riding techniques over fences, such as Federico Caprilli, came from military ranks.[230] Beyond the Olympic disciplines are other events with military roots. Competitions with weapons, such as mounted shooting and tent pegging, test the combat skills of mounted riders.[231]

 

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare

 

•        Arabian horse

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For other uses, see Arabian horse (disambiguation).

An Arabian mare
Other names	Arabian, Arab
Country of origin	Developed in the Middle East, most notably Arabian peninsula
Traits
Weight	•         800 to 1,000 lb (360 to 450 kg)
Height	•         14.1 to 15.1 hands (57 to 61 inches, 145 to 155 cm)
Color	Bay, black, chestnut, or gray. Occasional dominant white, sabino, or rabicano patterns.
Distinguishing features	Finely chiseled bone structure, concave profile, arched neck, comparatively level croup, high-carried tail.
Breed standards
•          Arabian Horse Association (USA) •          The Arabian Horse Society of Australia •          The Arab Horse Society (UK) •         World Arabian Horse Organization
•         Equus ferus caballus

The HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Arab horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"ArabicHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse": HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"الحصانHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"العربيHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"‎ HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"[ ħisˤaːn ʕarabiː]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_31635"DMGHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" ḥiṣān ʿarabī) is a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breed"breedHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" that originated on the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"Arabian PeninsulaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is also one of the oldest breeds, with archaeological evidence (source needed) of horses in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"Middle East that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses have spread around the world by both war and trade, used to improve other breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance, and strong bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed of riding horse.

The Arabian developed in a desertHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" climate and was prized by the nomadic HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"BedouinHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" people, often being brought inside the family tent for shelter and protection from theft. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"Selective breedingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" for traits including an ability to form a cooperative relationship with humans created a horse breed that is good-natured, quick to learn, and willing to please. The Arabian also developed the high spirit and alertness needed in a horse used for raiding and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_horse"war. This combination of willingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horse owners to handle their horses with competence and respect.

The Arabian is a versatile breed. Arabians dominate the discipline of endurance ridingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and compete today in many other fields of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"equestrianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" sport. They are one of the top ten most popular HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds"horse breeds in the world. They are now found worldwide, including the United States and Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, continental Europe, South America (especially Brazil), and their land of origin, the Middle East.

Breed characteristicsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=1"edit]

A purebred Arabian stallion, showing dished profile, arched neck, level croup and high-carried tail

See also: Horse anatomy

Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads, a broad forehead, large eyes, large nostrils, and small muzzles. Most display a distinctive concave, or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"dishedHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" profile. Many Arabians also have a slight forehead bulge between their eyes, called the jibbah by the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"BedouinHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", that adds additional sinus capacity, believed to have helped the Arabian horse in its native dry desert climate.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Upton21-1"[1]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer89-2"[2]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Another breed characteristic is an arched neck with a large, well-set windpipe set on a refined, clean HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_anatomy"throatlatchHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". This structure of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_anatomy"pollHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and throatlatch was called the mitbah or mitbeh by the Bedouin. In the ideal Arabian it is long, allowing flexibility in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridle"bridleHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and room for the windpipe.[2]

Other distinctive features are a relatively long, level HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_(animal)"croupHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", or top of the hindquarters, and naturally high tail carriage. The USEF breed standard requires Arabians have solid bone and standard correct HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_conformation"equine conformationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-USEF_AR-102-3"[3]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Well-bred Arabians have a deep, well-angled hip and well laid-back shoulder.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Parkinson157-4"[4]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Within the breed, there are variations. Some individuals have wider, more powerfully muscled hindquarters suitable for intense bursts of activity in events such as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reining"reiningHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", while others have longer, leaner muscling better suited for long stretches of flat work such as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_riding"endurance ridingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"horse racingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-5"[5]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Most have a compact body with a short back.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer89-2"[2]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Arabians usually have dense, strong bone, and good HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoof"hoofHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" walls. They are especially noted for their endurance,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Athletes-6"[6]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p245-7"[7]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the superiority of the breed in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_riding"Endurance ridingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" competition demonstrates that well-bred Arabians are strong, sound horses with superior stamina. At international HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports"FEIHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"-sponsored endurance events, Arabians and half-Arabians are the dominant performers in distance competition.[8]

Skeletal analysisHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=2"edit]

Mounted skeleton of an Arabian horse, showing underlying structure of breed characteristics including short back, high-set tail, distinction between level croup and well-angulated hip. This specimen also has only 5 lumbar vertebrae.

Some Arabians, though not all, have 5 lumbarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrae"vertebraeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" instead of the usual 6, and 17 pairs of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib"ribsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" rather than 18.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p27-9"[9]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" A quality Arabian has both a relatively horizontal croup and a properly angled HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis"pelvisHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" as well as good croup length and depth to the hip (determined by the length of the pelvis), that allows agility and impulsion.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Parkinson157-4"[4]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-10"[10]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" A misconception confuses the topline of the croup with the angle of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"hipHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (the pelvis or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_(bone)"iliumHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"), leading some to assert that Arabians have a flat pelvis angle and cannot use their hindquarters properly. However, the croup is formed by the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum"sacralHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" vertebrae. The hip angle is determined by the attachment of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_(bone)"iliumHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" to the spine, the structure and length of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"femurHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and other aspects of hindquarter anatomy, which is not correlated to the topline of the sacrum. Thus, the Arabian has HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_conformation"conformationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" typical of other horse breeds built for speed and distance, such as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"ThoroughbredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", where the angle of the ilium is more oblique than that of the croup.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-11"[11]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Edwards_Anatomy_chapter_6-12"[12]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Parkinson121-13"[13]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Thus, the hip angle is not necessarily correlated to the topline of the croup. Horses bred to gallop need a good length of croup and good length of hip for proper attachment of muscles, and so unlike angle, length of hip and croup do go together as a rule.[12]

SizeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=3"edit]

The breed standard stated by the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation"United States Equestrian FederationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", describes Arabians as standing between 14.1 to 15.1 HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)"handsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (57 to 61 inches, 145 to 155 cm) tall, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"with the occasional individual over or under.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-USEF_AR-102-3"[3]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Thus, all Arabians, regardless of height, are classified as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"horsesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", even though 14.2 HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)"handsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (58 inches, 147 cm) is the traditional cutoff height between a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony"ponyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-14"[14]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" A common myth is that Arabians are not strong because they are relatively small and refined. However, the Arabian horse is noted for a greater density of bone than other breeds, short HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_anatomy"cannonsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", sound feet, and a broad, short back,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer89-2"[2]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" all of which give the breed physical strength comparable to many taller animals.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Ens96-15"[15]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Thus, even a smaller Arabian can carry a heavy rider. For tasks where the sheer weight of the horse matters, such as farm work done by a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_horse"draft horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Ens84-16"[16]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" any lighter-weight horse is at a disadvantage.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Ens84-16"[16]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" However, for most purposes, the Arabian is a strong and hardy light horse breed able to carry any type of rider in most HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"equestrianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" pursuits.[15]

TemperamentHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=4"edit]

Arabians are noted for both intelligence and a spirited disposition

For centuries, Arabian horses lived in the desert in close association with humans.[17]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" For shelter and protection from theft, prized war HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_(horse)"maresHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" were sometimes kept in their owner's tent, close to children and everyday family life.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Upton19-18"[18]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Only horses with a naturally good disposition were allowed to reproduce, with the result that Arabians today have a good temperament that, among other examples, makes them one of the few breeds where the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation"United States Equestrian FederationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"rules allow children to exhibit HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion_(horse)"stallionsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in nearly all show ring classes, including those limited to riders under 18.[19]

On the other hand, the Arabian is also classified as a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"hot-bloodedHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" breed, a category that includes other refined, spirited horses bred for speed, such as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhal-Teke"Akhal-TekeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_(horse)"BarbHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"ThoroughbredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". Like other hot-bloods, Arabians' sensitivity and intelligence enable quick learning and greater communication with their riders; however, their intelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as good ones,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-20"[20]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and they do not tolerate inept or abusive training practices.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Rashid-21"[21]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Some sources claim that it is more difficult to train a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"hot-bloodedHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" horse.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-22"[22]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Though most Arabians have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans, when treated badly, like any horse, they can become excessively nervous or anxious, but seldom become vicious unless seriously spoiled or subjected to extreme abuse.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Rashid-21"[21]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" At the other end of the spectrum, romantic myths are sometimes told about Arabian horses that give them near-divine characteristics.[23]

ColorsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=5"edit]

Main articles: HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_color"Equine coat colorHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and Equine coat color genetics

The Arabian Horse Association registers HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purebred"purebredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" horses with the coat colors HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(horse)"bayHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(horse)"grayHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)"chestnutHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(horse)"blackHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roan_(horse)"roanHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-24"[24]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Bay, gray and chestnut are the most common; black is less common.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-25"[25]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The classic roan gene does not appear to exist in Arabians;HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Spon69-26"[26]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" rather, Arabians registered by breeders as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"roanHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" are usually expressing HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabicano"rabicanoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or, sometimes, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabino_horse"sabinoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" patterns with roan features.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Patterns-27"[27]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" All Arabians, no matter their HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_color"coat colorHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", have black skin, except under white HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_markings"markingsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". Black skin provided protection from the intense desert sun.[28]

A gray Arabian; note white hair coat but black skin

Gray and whiteHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=6"edit]

Although many Arabians appear to have a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"whiteHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" hair coat, they are not genetically HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"whiteHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". This color is usually created by the natural action of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(horse)"grayHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"geneHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and virtually all white-looking Arabians are actually grays.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-29"[29]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" A specialized colorization seen in some older gray Arabians is the so-called HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"bloody-shoulderHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", which is a particular type of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(horse)#The_%22flea-bitten%22_gray""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(horse)#The_%22flea-bitten%22_gray"flea-bittenHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(horse)#The_%22flea-bitten%22_gray""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(horse)#The_%22flea-bitten%22_gray" grayHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" with localized aggregations of pigment on the shoulder.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-LegUp-30"[30][31]

There are a very few Arabians registered as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"whiteHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" having a white coat, pink skin and dark eyes from birth. These animals are believed to manifest a new form of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_white"dominant whiteHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", a result of a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense_mutation"nonsense mutationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in DNA tracing to a single stallion foaled in 1996.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-haase2007-32"[32]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" This horse was originally thought to be a sabino, but actually was found to have a new form of dominant white mutation, now labeled W3.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-haase2007-32"[32]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" It is possible that white mutations have occurred in Arabians in the past or that mutations other than W3 exist but have not been verified by genetic testing.[27]

SabinoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=7"edit]

Main article: Sabino horse

One spotting pattern, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabino_horse"sabinoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", does exist in purebred Arabians. Sabino coloring is characterized by white HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_markings"markingsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" such as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"high whiteHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" above the knees and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hock_(zoology)"hocksHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", irregular spotting on the legs, belly and face, white markings that extend beyond the eyes or under the chin and jaw, and sometimes lacy or roaned edges.[33]

The genetic mechanism that produces sabino patterning in Arabians is undetermined, and more than one gene may be involved.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Patterns-27"[27]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Studies at the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"University of California, DavisHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" indicate that Arabians do not appear to carry the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome"autosomalHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_gene"dominant geneHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"SB1HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or sabino 1, that often produces bold spotting and some completely HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(horse)"whiteHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" horses in other breeds. The inheritance patterns observed in sabino-like Arabians also do not follow the same mode of inheritance as sabino 1.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-34"[34][35]

A chestnut rabicano Arabian horse

Rabicano or roan?HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=8"edit]

Main article: Rabicano

There are very few Arabians registered as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roan_(horse)"roanHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and according to researcher D. Phillip Sponenberg, roaning in purebred Arabians is actually the action of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabicano"rabicanoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" genetics.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Spon69-26"[26]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Unlike a genetic roan, rabicano is a partial roan-like pattern; the horse does not have intermingled white and solid hairs over the entire body, only on the midsection and flanks, the head and legs are solid-colored.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Spon69-26"[26]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Some people also confuse a young gray horse with a roan because of the intermixed hair colors common to both. However, a roan does not consistently lighten with age, while a gray does.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-36"[36][37]

Colors that do not exist in purebredsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=9"edit]

Purebred Arabians never carry HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_gene"dilution genesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Color98-38"[38]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Therefore, purebreds cannot be colors such as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_gene"dunHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_gene"cremelloHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomino"palominoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckskin_(color)"buckskinHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Gower30-39"[39]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" However, there is pictorial evidence from pottery and tombs in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"Ancient EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" suggesting that spotting patterns may have existed on ancestral Arabian-type horses in antiquity.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p5-40"[40]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Nonetheless, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purebred"purebredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Arabians today do not carry genes for HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinto_horse"pintoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_complex"Leopard complexHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"AppaloosaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse") spotting patterns, except for HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabino_horse"sabino.

A tobianoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" patterned HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Show_Horse"National Show Horse, a type of partbred Arabian

Spotting or excess white was believed by many breeders to be a mark of impurity until DNAHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" testing for verification of parentage became standard. For a time, horses with belly spots and other white markings deemed excessive were discouraged from registration and excess white was sometimes penalized in the show ring.[27]

To produce horses with some Arabian characteristics but coat colors not found in purebreds, they have to be HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbred"crossbredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" with other breeds.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-41"[41]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Though the purebred Arabian produces a limited range of potential colors, they do not appear to carry any color-based lethal disorders such as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overo"frame overoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" gene (HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"OHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse") that can produce HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_white_syndrome"lethal white syndromeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (LWS). Because purebred Arabians cannot produce LWS HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foal"foalsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", Arabian mares were used as a non-affected population in some of the studies seeking the gene that caused the condition in other breeds.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-42"[42]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Nonetheless, partbred Arabian offspring can, in some cases, carry these genes if the non-Arabian parent was a carrier.[43]

Genetic disordersHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=10"edit]

There are six known genetic disorders in Arabian horses. Two are inevitably fatal, two are not inherently fatal but are disabling and usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal; the remaining conditions can usually be treated. Three are thought to be HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal"autosomalHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_relationship"recessiveHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" conditions, which means that the flawed gene is not sex-linked and has to come from both parents for an affected foal to be born; the others currently lack sufficient research data to determine the precise mode of inheritance.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Caution-44"[44]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Arabians are not the only breed of horse to have problems with inherited diseases; fatal or disabling genetic conditions also exist in many other HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds"breedsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", including the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse"American Quarter HorseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Paint_Horse"American Paint HorseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Saddlebred"American SaddlebredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa"AppaloosaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_horse"Miniature horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_(horse)"BelgianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".[44]

Genetic diseases that can occur in purebred Arabians, or in partbreds with Arabian ancestry in both parents, are the following:

•          Severe Combined ImmunodeficiencyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (SCID). Recessive disorder, fatal when HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homozygous"homozygousHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", carriers (HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygous"heterozygotesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse") show no signs. Similar to the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficiency"bubble boyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" condition in humans, an affected foal is born with a complete lack of an immune system, and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection, usually before the age of three months.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-45"[45]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" There is a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_test"DNA testHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" that can detect healthy horses who are carriers of the gene causing SCID, thus testing and careful, planned matings can now eliminate the possibility of an affected HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foal"foalHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" ever being born.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-46"[46]

•          Lavender Foal SyndromeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (LFS), also called Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL). Recessive disorder, fatal when homozygous, carriers show no signs. The condition has its name because most affected foals are born with a coat color dilution that lightens the tips of the coat hairs, or even the entire hair shaft. Foals with LFS are unable to stand at birth, often have seizures, and are usually euthanized within a few days of birth.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-47"[47]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Fanelli-48"[48]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" In November 2009, Cornell University announced that a DNA test has been developed to detect carriers of LFS. Simultaneously, the University of Pretoria also announced that they had also developed a DNA test.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-OPVGL-49"[49]

•          Cerebellar abiotrophyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (CA or CCA). Recessive disorder, homozygous horses are affected, carriers show no signs. An affected foal is usually born without clinical signs, but at some stage, usually after six weeks of age, develops severe incoordination, a head tremor, wide-legged stance and other symptoms related to the death of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cell"purkinje cellsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum"cerebellumHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". Such foals are frequently diagnosed only after they have crashed into a fence or fallen over backwards, and often are misdiagnosed as suffering from a head injury caused by an accident. Severity varies, with some foals having fast onset of severe coordination problems, others showing milder signs. Mildly affected horses can live a full lifespan, but most are euthanized before adulthood because they are so accident-prone as to be dangerous. As of 2008, there is a genetic test that uses DNA markers associated with CA to detect both carriers and affected animals.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-50"[50]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Clinical signs are distinguishable from other neurological conditions, and a diagnosis of CA can be verified by examining the brain after HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"euthanasiaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-51"[51]

•          Occipital Atlanto-Axial Malformation (OAAM). This is a condition where the occiput, atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck and at the base of the skull are fused or malformed. Symptoms range from mild incoordination to the paralysis of both front and rear legs. Some affected foals cannot stand to nurse, in others the symptoms may not be seen for several weeks. This is the only cervical spinal cord disease seen in horses less than 1 month of age, and a radiograph can diagnose the condition. There is no genetic test for OAAM, and the hereditary component of this condition is not well researched at present.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-OAAM-52"[52]

•          Equine juvenile HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"epilepsyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", or Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy, sometimes referred to as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"benignHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" epilepsy, is not usually fatal. Foals appear normal between epileptic HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure"seizuresHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and seizures usually stop occurring between 12 and 18 months.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Fanelli-48"[48]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Affected foals may show signs of epilepsy anywhere from two days to six months from birth.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Aleman-53"[53]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Seizures can be treated with traditional anti-seizure medications, which may reduce their severity.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-54"[54]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Though the condition has been studied since 1985 at the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"University of California, DavisHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the genetic mode of inheritance is unclear, though the cases studied were all of one general bloodline group.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Aleman-53"[53]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Recent research updates suggest that a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_relationship"dominant mode of inheritanceHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" is involved in transmission of this trait.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Aleman2-55"[55]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"One researcher hypothesized that epilepsy may be linked in some fashion to Lavender Foal Syndrome due to the fact that it occurs in similar bloodlines and some horses have produced foals with both conditions.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Fanelli-48"[48]

•          Guttural Pouch Tympany (GPT) occurs in horses ranging from birth to 1 year of age and is more common in fillies than in colts. It is thought to be genetic in Arabians, possibly HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenic"polygenicHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in inheritance, but more study is needed.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-56"[56]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Foals are born with a defect that causes the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharynx"pharyngealHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" opening of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_tube"eustachian tubeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" to act like a one-way valve – air can get in, but it cannot get out. The affected guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a characteristic nonpainful swelling. Breathing is noisy in severely affected animals.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-57"[57]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and radiographic examination of the skull. Medical management with NSAID and antimicrobial therapy can treat upper respiratory tract inflammation. Surgical intervention is needed to correct the malformation of the guttural pouch opening, to provide a route for air in the abnormal guttural pouch to pass to the normal side and be expelled into the pharynx. Foals that are successfully treated may grow up to have fully useful lives.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-58"[58]

The HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association"Arabian Horse AssociationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts to uncover the roots of genetic diseases.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-59"[59]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The organization F.O.A.L. (Fight Off Arabian Lethals) is a clearinghouse for information on these conditions.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-60"[60]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Additional information is available from the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Arabian_Horse_Association"World Arabian Horse AssociationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (WAHO).[61]

Recent trends in halter breeding have given rise to Arabian horses with extremely concave features, raising concerns that the trait is detrimental to the animal's welfare.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-62"[62]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Comparisons have been made to a similar trend with some dog breeds, where show judging awarding certain features has led to breeders seeking an ever more exaggerated form, with little concern as to the inherent function of the animal. Some veterinarians speculate that an extremely concave face is detrimental to a horse's breathing, but the issue has not been formally studied.[63]

LegendsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=11"edit]

An Arabian horse in the desert. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros"Antoine-Jean Gros, c. 1810

Arabian horses are the topic of many myths and legends. One origin story tells how MuhammadHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" chose his foundation mares by a test of their courage and loyalty. While there are several variants on the tale, a common version states that after a long journey through the desert, Muhammad turned his herd of horses loose to race to an oasis for a desperately needed drink of water. Before the herd reached the water, Muhammad called for the horses to return to him. Only five mares responded. Because they faithfully returned to their master, though desperate with thirst, these mares became his favorites and were called HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Khamsa"Al KhamsaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", meaning, the five. These mares became the legendary founders of the five HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"strainsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of the Arabian horse.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-64"[64]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer92-65"[65]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Although the Al Khamsa are generally considered fictional horses of legend,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Upton12-66"[66]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" some breeders today claim the modern Bedouin Arabian actually descended from these mares.[67]

Another origin tale claims that King HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"SolomonHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" was given a pure Arabian-type mare named Safanad (HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"the pureHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse") by the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba"Queen of ShebaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Upton12-66"[66]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" A different version says that Solomon gave a stallion, Zad el-Raheb or Zad-el-Rakib (HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Gift to the RiderHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"), to the Banu HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azd"AzdHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" people when they came to pay tribute to the king. This legendary stallion was said to be faster than the zebra and the gazelle, and every hunt with him was successful, thus when he was put to stud, he became a founding sire of legend.[68]

Yet another creation myth puts the origin of the Arabian in the time of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael"IshmaelHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the son of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"AbrahamHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer2-69"[69]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" In this story, the Angel HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"JibrilHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (also known as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"GabrielHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse") descended from Heaven and awakened Ishmael with a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"wind-spoutHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" that whirled toward him. The Angel then commanded the thundercloud to stop scattering dust and rain, and so it gathered itself into a prancing, handsome creature - a horse - that seemed to swallow up the ground. Hence, the Bedouins bestowed the title HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Drinker of the WindHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" to the first Arabian horse.[70]

Finally, a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"BedouinHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" story states that HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"AllahHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" created the Arabian horse from the south wind and exclaimed, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"I create thee, Oh Arabian. To thy forelock, I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins. I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-71"[71]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Other versions of the story claim HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"AllahHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" said to the South Wind: HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"I want to make a creature out of you. Condense.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Then from the material condensed from the wind, he made a kamayt-colored animal (a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(horse)"bayHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or burnt HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)"chestnutHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse") and said: HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"I call you Horse; I make you Arabian and I give you the chestnut color of the ant; I have hung happiness from the forelock which hangs between your eyes; you shall be the Lord of the other animals. Men shall follow you wherever you go; you shall be as good for flight as for pursuit; you shall fly without wings; riches shall be on your back and fortune shall come through your meditation.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""[72]

OriginsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=12"edit]

Arabians are one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p28-23"[23]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progenitor"progenitorHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" stock, the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_horse"Oriental subtypeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Proto-ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" was believed to be a horse with orientalcharacteristics similar to the modern Arabian. Horses with these features appeared in rock paintings and inscriptions in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"Arabian PeninsulaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" dating back 3500 years.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-SaudiEmbassy-73"[73]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" In HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history"ancient historyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"throughout the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"Ancient Near EastHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", horses with refined heads and high-carried tails were depicted in artwork, particularly that of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"Ancient EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in the 16th century BC.[74]

Some scholars of the Arabian horse once theorized that the Arabian came from a separate subspecies of horse,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-75"[75]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" known as equus caballus pumpelli.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Bennett4ff-76"[76]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Other scholars, including Gladys Brown Edwards, a noted Arabian researcher, believe that the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"dryHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" oriental horses of the desert, from which the modern Arabian developed, were more likely HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus_caballus"Equus ferus caballusHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" with specific HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrace"landraceHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" characteristics based on the environments in which they lived, rather than being a separate subspecies.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p27-9"[9]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Bennett4ff-76"[76]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Horses with similar, though not identical, physical characteristics include the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_horse"Marwari horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of India, the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_(horse)"BarbHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of North Africa, the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhal-Teke"Akhal-TekeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of western Asia and the now-extinct HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_Horse"Turkoman HorseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Bennett4ff-76"[76]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Recent genetic studies of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA"mitochondrial DNAHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in Arabian horses of Polish and American breeding suggest that the modern breed has heterogeneous origins with ten HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroups"haplogroupsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". The modern concept of breed purity in the modern population cannot be traced beyond 200 years.[77]

Desert rootsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=13"edit]

Carl Raswan pictured on an Anazeh warmare

There are different theories about where the ancestors of the Arabian originally lived. Most evidence suggests the proto-Arabian came from the area along the northern edge of the Fertile CrescentHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Bennett4ff-76"[76]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Another hypothesis suggests the southwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula, in modern-day HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"YemenHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", where three now-dry riverbeds indicate good natural pastures existed long ago, perhaps as far back as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age"Ice AgeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p6-78"[78]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-IMH-79"[79]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" This hypothesis has gained renewed attention following a 2010 discovery of artifacts dated between 6590 and 7250 BCE in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Magar"Al-MagarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", in southwestern Saudi Arabia, that appeared to portray horses.[80]

The proto-Arabian horse may have been HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse"domesticatedHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" by the people of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_peninsula"Arabian peninsulaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" known today as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"BedouinHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", some time after they learned to use the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel"camelHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", approximately 4,000–5,000 years ago.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-IMH-79"[79]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-81"[81]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" One theory is that this development occurred in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejd"NejdHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" plateau in central Arabia.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-SaudiEmbassy-73"[73]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Other scholars, noting that horses were common in the Fertile Crescent but rare in the Arabian peninsula prior to the rise of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"IslamHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", theorize that the breed as it is known today only developed in large numbers when the conversion of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"PersiansHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" to Islam in the 7th century brought knowledge of horse breeding and horsemanship to the Bedouin.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-82"[82]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The oldest depictions in the Arabian Peninsula of horses that are clearly domesticated date no earlier than 1800-2000 BCE.[80]

Regardless of origin, climate and culture ultimately created the Arabian. The desert environment required a domesticated horse to cooperate with humans to survive; humans were the only providers of food and water in certain areas, and even hardy Arabian horses needed far more water than camels in order to survive (most horses can only live about 72 hours without water). Where there was no pasture or water, the Bedouin fed their horses HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera"datesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and camel's milk.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p24-83"[83]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"The desert horse needed the ability to thrive on very little food, and to have anatomical traits to compensate for life in a dry climate with wide temperature extremes from day to night. Weak individuals were weeded out of the breeding pool, and the animals that remained were also honed by centuries of human warfare.[84]

The Bedouin way of life depended on camels and horses: Arabians were bred to be HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare"war horsesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" with speed, endurance, soundness, and intelligence.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer3-84"[84]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Expert4-85"[85]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Because many raids required stealth, mares were preferred over stallions as they were quieter, and therefore would not give away the position of the fighters.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer3-84"[84]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" A good disposition was also critical; prized war mares were often brought inside family tents to prevent theft and for protection from weather and predators.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-86"[86]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Though appearance was not necessarily a survival factor, the Bedouin bred for refinement and beauty in their horses as well as for more practical features.[85]

Strains and pedigreesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=14"edit]

For centuries, the Bedouin tracked the ancestry of each horse through an HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"oral traditionHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". Horses of the purest blood were known as Asil and crossbreeding with non-Asil horses was forbidden. Mares were the most valued, both for riding and breeding, and pedigree families were traced through the female line. The Bedouin did not believe in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelding"geldingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" male horses, and considered HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion_(horse)"stallionsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" too intractable to be good war horses, thus they kept very few HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_(horse)"coltsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", selling most, and culling those of poor quality.[87]

Over time, the Bedouin developed several sub-types or strains of Arabian horse, each with unique characteristics,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-88"[88]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and traced through the maternal line only.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection104-89"[89]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" According to the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association"Arabian Horse AssociationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the five primary strains were known as the Keheilan, Seglawi, Abeyan, Hamdani and Hadban.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-90"[90]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Raswan"Carl RaswanHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", a promoter and writer about Arabian horses from the middle of the 20th century, held the belief that there were only three strains, Kehilan, Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan felt that these strains represented body HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"typesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of the breed, with the Kehilan being HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"masculineHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the Seglawi being HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"feminineHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the Muniqi being HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"speedyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-91"[91]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" There were also lesser strains, sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Forbis274-92"[92]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-93"[93]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Therefore, many Arabian horses were not only Asil, of pure blood, but also bred to be pure in strain, with crossbreeding between strains discouraged, though not forbidden, by some tribes. Purity of bloodline was very important to the Bedouin, and they also believed in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegony_(pregnancy)"telegonyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", believing if a mare was ever bred to a stallion of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"impureHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" blood, the mare herself and all future offspring would be HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"contaminatedHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" by the stallion and hence no longer Asil.[94]

This complex web of bloodline and strain was an integral part of Bedouin culture; they not only knew the pedigrees and history of their best war mares in detail, but also carefully tracked the breeding of their camels, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluki"SalukiHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" dogs, and their own family or tribal history.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-WAHO-95"[95]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Eventually, written records began to be kept; the first written pedigrees in the Middle East that specifically used the term HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" date to 1330 AD.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Pyramid_Society-96"[96]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" As important as strain was to the Bedouin, modern studies of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"mitochondrial DNAHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" suggest that Arabian horses alive today with records stating descent from a given strain may not actually share a common maternal ancestry.[97]

Historic developmentHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=15"edit]

HittiteHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" chariot (drawing of an HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"Egyptian relief)

Role in the ancient worldHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=16"edit]

Fiery HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_horse"war horsesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" with dished faces and high-carried tails were popular artistic subjects in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"Ancient EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"MesopotamiaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", often depicted pulling chariots in war or for hunting. Horses with oriental characteristics appear in later artwork as far north as that of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"Ancient GreeceHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"Roman EmpireHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". While this type of horse was not called an HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"Ancient Near EastHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" until later, (the word HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"ArabiaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"ArabayaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" first appeared in writing in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Persia"Ancient PersiaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", c. 500 BC)HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p16-98"[98]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" these proto-Arabians shared many characteristics with the modern Arabian, including speed, endurance, and refinement. For example, a horse skeleton unearthed in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai"SinaiHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" peninsula, dated to 1700 BC and probably brought by the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos"HyksosHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" invaders, is considered the earliest physical evidence of the horse in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"Ancient EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eye sockets and small muzzle, all characteristics of the Arabian horse.[99]

In Islamic historyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=17"edit]

Following the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)"HijraHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in AD 622 (also sometimes spelled Hegira), the Arabian horse spread across the known world of the time, and became recognized as a distinct, named breed.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-100"[100]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" It played a significant role in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East"History of the Middle EastHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and of Islam. By 630, Muslim influence expanded across the Middle East and North Africa, by 711 HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquests"Muslim warriorsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" had reached Spain, and they controlled most of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"Iberian PeninsulaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" by 720. Their war horses were of various oriental types, including both Arabians and the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_(horse)"BarbHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" horse of North Africa.[101]

Arabian horses also spread to the rest of the world via the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"Ottoman EmpireHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", which rose in 1299. Though it never fully dominated the heart of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"Arabian PeninsulaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", this HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"TurkishHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" empire obtained many Arabian horses through trade, diplomacy and war.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely26-102"[102]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The Ottomans encouraged formation of private HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_farm"stud farmsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in order to ensure a supply of cavalry horses,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Derry106-103"[103]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and Ottoman nobles, such as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"Muhammad Ali of EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" also collected pure, desert-bred Arabian horses.[102]

El Naseri, or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"Al-Nasir MuhammadHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt"Sultan of EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (1290–1342) imported and bred numerous Arabians in Egypt. A stud farm record was made of his purchases describing many of the horses as well as their abilities, and was deposited in his library, becoming a source for later study.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely26-102"[102]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer6-104"[104]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Through the Ottomans, Arabian horses were often sold, traded, or given as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_gift"diplomatic giftsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" to Europeans and, later, to Americans.[79]

EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=18"edit]

Historically, Egyptian breeders imported horses bred in the deserts of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"PalestineHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_peninsula"Arabian peninsulaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" as the source of their HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock"foundation bloodstockHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Wentworth178-105"[105]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" By the time that the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"Ottoman EmpireHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"dominated Egypt, the political elites of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"horse racingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and some continued to return to the deserts to obtain pure-blooded Arabians. One of the most famous was HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"Muhammad Ali of EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", also known as Muhammad Ali Pasha, who established an extensive stud farm in the 19th century.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p268-106"[106]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely27-107"[107]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" After his death, some of his stock was bred on by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt"Abbas I of EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", also known as Abbas Pasha. However, after Abbas Pasha was assassinated in 1854, his heir, El Hami Pasha, sold most of his horses, often for crossbreeding, and gave away many others as diplomatic gifts.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p268-106"[106]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely27-107"[107]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Wentworth191-108"[108]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" A remnant of the herd was obtained by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Sherif"Ali Pasha SherifHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", who then went back to the desert to bring in new bloodstock. At its peak, the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif had over 400 purebred Arabians.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely27-107"[107]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-109"[109]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Unfortunately, an epidemic of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_horse_sickness"African horse sicknessHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses throughout Egypt decimated much of his herd, wiping out several irreplaceable bloodlines.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely27-107"[107]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Late in his life, he sold several horses to Wilfred and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt"Lady Anne BluntHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", who exported them to HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud"Crabbet Park StudHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in England. After his death, Lady Anne was also able to gather many remaining horses at her HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheykh_Obeyd"Sheykh ObeydHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" stud.[110]

"Mameluck en Attaque" 18th-century painting by Carle Vernet

Meanwhile, the passion brought by the Blunts to saving the pure horse of the desert helped Egyptian horse breeders to convince their government of the need to preserve the best of their own remaining pure Arabian bloodstock that descended from the horses collected over the previous century by Muhammad Ali Pasha, Abbas Pasha and Ali Pasha Sherif.[111]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The government of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" formed the Royal Agricultural Society (RAS) in 1908,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely137-112"[112]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" which is known today as the Egyptian Agricultural Organization (EAO).HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely149-113"[113]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" RAS representatives traveled to England during the 1920s and purchased eighteen descendants of the original Blunt exports from HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Wentworth"Lady WentworthHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" at Crabbet Park, and returned these bloodlines to Egypt in order to restore bloodlines had been lost.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely137-112"[112]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Other than several horses purchased by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Babson"Henry BabsonHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" for importation to the United States in the 1930s,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely139-114"[114]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and one other small group exported to the USA in 1947, relatively few Egyptian-bred Arabian horses were exported until the overthrow of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Farouk_I"King Farouk IHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in 1952.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Derry123-115"[115]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Many of the private stud farms of the princes were then confiscated and the animals taken over by the EAO.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely149-113"[113]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" In the 1960s and 1970s, as oil development brought more foreign investors to Egypt, some of whom were horse fanciers, Arabians were exported to Germany and to the United States, as well as to the former Soviet Union.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-AHARussian-116"[116]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Legends-117"[117]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Today, the designation HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Straight EgyptianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Egyptian ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" is popular with some Arabian breeders, and the modern Egyptian-bred Arabian is an HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrossing"outcrossHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" used to add refinement in some breeding programs.[111]

Battle of La HigueruelaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", 1431. Spanish fighting the Moorish forces of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty"NasridHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Sultan HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_IX,_Sultan_of_Granada"Muhammed IXHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"Granada. Note the differences in tail carriage of the various horses in the painting. The Arabian's high-carried tail is a distinctive trait that is seen even in part-blooded offspring.

Arrival in EuropeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=19"edit]

Probably the earliest horses with Arabian bloodlines to enter Europe came indirectly, through Spain and France. Others would have arrived with returning HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"CrusadersHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely26-102"[102]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"—beginning in 1095, European armies invaded HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"PalestineHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and many HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"knightsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" returned home with Arabian horses as spoils of war. Later, as knights and the heavy, armored HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare"war horsesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" who carried them became obsolete, Arabian horses and their descendants were used to develop faster, agile HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cavalry"light cavalryHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" horses that were used in warfare into the 20th century.[79]

Another major infusion of Arabian horses into Europe occurred when the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"Ottoman TurksHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" sent 300,000 horsemen into Hungary in 1522, many of whom were mounted on pure-blooded Arabians, captured during raids into Arabia. By 1529, the Ottomans reached HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"ViennaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", where they were stopped by the Polish and Hungarian armies, who captured these horses from the defeated Ottoman HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"cavalryHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". Some of these animals provided HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock"foundation bloodstockHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" for the major studs of eastern Europe.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Harrigan-118"[118][119]

Polish and Russian breeding programsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=20"edit]

With the rise of light cavalry, the stamina and agility of horses with Arabian blood gave an enormous military advantage to any army who possessed them. As a result, many European monarchs began to support large breeding establishments that crossed Arabians on local stock, one example being HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyszyn"KnyszynaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_farm#State_stud_farms"royal studHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of Polish king HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_II_August"Zygmunt II AugustHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and another the Imperial Russian Stud of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"Peter the GreatHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".[118]

European horse breeders also obtained Arabian stock directly from the desert or via trade with the Ottomans. In Russia, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Grigoryevich_Orlov"Count Alexey OrlovHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" obtained many Arabians, including HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smetanka"SmetankaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", an Arabian stallion who became a foundation sire of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlov_trotter"Orlov trotterHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Russian-120"[120]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely178-121"[121]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Orlov then provided Arabian horses to HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"Catherine the GreatHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", who in 1772 owned 12 pure Arabian stallions and 10 mares.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Russian-120"[120]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" By 1889 two members of the Russian nobility, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Stroganov"Count StroganovHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"and Prince HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Borisovich_Shcherbatov"Nikolai Borisovich ShcherbatovHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", established Arabian HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_farm"stud farmsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" to meet the continued need to breed Arabians as a source of pure bloodstock.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-AHARussian-116"[116][120]

In Poland, notable imports from Arabia included those of Prince Hieronymous HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguszko"SanguszkoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (1743–1812), who founded the Slawuta stud.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely172-122"[122]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection107-123"[123]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Poland's first state-run Arabian stud farm, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%C3%B3w_Podlaski"Janów PodlaskiHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", was established by the decree of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"Alexander I of RussiaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in 1817,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Janowhistory-124"[124]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and by 1850, the great stud farms of Poland were well-established, including Antoniny, owned by the Polish Count HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potocki"PotockiHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (who had married into the Sanguszko family); later notable as the farm that produced the stallion HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skowronek_(horse)"SkowronekHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection107-123"[123][125]

Central and western EuropeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=21"edit]

Several noble families of Poland became major breeders of Arabian horses. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachy_Erazm_Sanguszko"Eustachy Erazm SanguszkoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", painted by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusz_Kossak"Juliusz Kossak.

The 18th century marked the establishment of most of the great Arabian studs of Europe, dedicated to preserving "pure" Arabian bloodstock. The PrussiansHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" set up a royal stud in 1732, originally intended to provide horses for the royal stables, and other studs were established to breed animals for other uses, including mounts for the Prussian army. The foundation of these breeding programs was the crossing of Arabians on native horses; by 1873 some English observers felt that the Prussian calvalry mounts were superior in endurance to those of the British, and credited Arabian bloodlines for this superiority.[126]

Other state studs included the Babolna Stud of Hungary, set up in 1789,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely162-127"[127]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the Weil stud in Germany (now Weil-Marbach or the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbach_stud"Marbach studHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"), founded in 1817 by King HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"William I of WürttembergHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely155-128"[128]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" King HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"James I of EnglandHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" imported the first Arabian stallion, the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markham_Arabian&action=edit&redlink=1"Markham ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", to England in 1616.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Derry31-129"[129]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Arabians were also introduced into European race horse breeding, especially in England via the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darley_Arabian"Darley ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byerly_Turk"Byerly TurkHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godolphin_Arabian"Godolphin ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the three foundation stallions of the modern HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"ThoroughbredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" breed, who were each brought to England during the 18th century.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer104-130"[130]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Other monarchs obtained Arabian horses, often as personal mounts. One of the most famous Arabian stallions in Europe was HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marengo_(horse)"MarengoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_warfare"war horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" ridden by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"Napoleon BonaparteHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".[131]

During the mid-19th century, the need for Arabian blood to improve the breeding stock for light cavalry horses in Europe resulted in more excursions to the Middle East. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Isabel_II"Queen Isabel IIHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of Spain sent representatives to the desert to purchase Arabian horses and by 1847 had established a stud book; her successor, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Alfonso_XII"King Alfonso XIIHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" imported additional bloodstock from other European nations. By 1893, the state military stud farm, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeguada_Militar"Yeguada MilitarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" was established in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"Córdoba, SpainHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" for breeding both Arabian and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_horse"Iberian horsesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". The military remained heavily involved in the importation and breeding of Arabians in Spain well into the early 20th century, and the Yeguada Militar is still in existence today.[132]

This period also marked a phase of considerable travel to the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"Middle EastHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" by European civilians and minor nobility, and in the process, some travelers noticed that the Arabian horse as a pure breed of horse was under threat due to modern forms of warfare, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"inbreedingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouin tribes at a rapid rate.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p23-133"[133]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" By the late 19th century, the most farsighted began in earnest to collect the finest Arabian horses they could find in order to preserve the blood of the pure desert horse for future generations. The most famous example was HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt"Lady Anne BluntHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the daughter of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace"Ada LovelaceHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and granddaughter of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"Lord ByronHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".[134]

Rise of the Crabbet Park StudHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=22"edit]

Lady Anne Blunt with her favorite Arabian mare, Kasida

Main article: Crabbet Arabian Stud

Perhaps the most famous of all Arabian breeding operations founded in Europe was the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud"Crabbet Park StudHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of England, founded 1878.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer11-135"[135]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-136"[136]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Starting in 1877, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Scawen_Blunt"Wilfrid Scawen BluntHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt"Lady Anne BluntHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" made repeated journeys to the Middle East, including visits to the stud of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Sherif"Ali Pasha SherifHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and to HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"BedouinHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"tribes in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd"NejdHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", bringing the best Arabians they could find to England. Lady Anne also purchased and maintained the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheykh_Obeyd"Sheykh ObeydHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" stud farm in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", near HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"CairoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". Upon Lady Anne's death in 1917, the Blunts' daughter, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Blunt-Lytton,_16th_Baroness_Wentworth"Judith, Lady WentworthHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", inherited the Wentworth title and Lady Anne's portion of the estate, and obtained the remainder of the Crabbet Stud following a protracted legal battle with her father.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Wentworth79-137"[137]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Exodus54-138"[138]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Lady Wentworth expanded the stud, added new bloodstock, and exported Arabian horses worldwide. Upon her death in 1957, the stud passed to her manager, Cecil Covey, who ran Crabbet until 1971, when a motorway was cut through the property, forcing the sale of the land and dispersal of the horses.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer201-139"[139]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Along with Crabbet, the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanstead_Stud"Hanstead StudHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Henrietta_Yule"Lady YuleHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" also produced horses of worldwide significance.[140]

Early 20th-century EuropeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=23"edit]

In the early 20th century, the military was involved in the breeding of Arabian horses throughout Europe, particularly in Poland, Spain, Germany, and Russia; private breeders also developed a number of breeding programs.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-SchulzPoland-141"[141]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-NeubauerGerm-142"[142]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-SchulzSpain-143"[143]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Cadranell-144"[144]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Significant among the private HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breeding"breedersHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in continental Europe was Spain's Cristóbal Colón de Aguilera, XV HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Veragua"Duque de VeraguaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", a direct descendant of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"Christopher ColumbusHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", who founded the Veragua Stud in the 1920s.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Campiglio-132"[132][145]

Modern warfare and its impact on European studsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=24"edit]

Between World War I, the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)"Russian RevolutionHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, many historic European stud farms were lost; in Poland, the Antoniny and Slawuta Studs were wiped out except for five mares.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely176-146"[146]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Notable among the survivors was the Janów Podlaski Stud. The Russian Revolution, combined with the effects of World War I, destroyed most of the breeding programs in Russia, but by 1921, the Soviet government reestablished an Arabian program, the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tersk_Stud"Tersk StudHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", on the site of the former Stroganov estate,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-AHARussian-116"[116][116]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" which included Polish bloodstock as well as some importations from the Crabbet Stud in England.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely182-147"[147]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The programs that survived the war re-established their breeding operations and some added to their studs with new imports of desert-bred Arabian horses from the Middle East. Not all European studs recovered. The Weil stud of Germany, founded by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wilhelm_I"King Wilhelm IHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", went into considerable decline; by the time the Weil herd was transferred to the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbach_stud"Marbach State StudHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in 1932, only 17 purebred Arabians remained.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely155-128"[128][148]

The HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"Spanish Civil WarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and World War II also had a devastating impact on horse breeding throughout Europe. The Veragua stud was destroyed, and its records lost, with the only survivors being the broodmares and the younger horses, who were rescued by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"Francisco FrancoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely199-149"[149]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection143-150"[150]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud"Crabbet ParkHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tersk_Stud"TerskHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and Janów Podlaski survived. Both the Soviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arabian bloodlines as spoils of war, which they used to strengthen their breeding programs. The Soviets had taken steps to protect their breeding stock at HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tersk_Stud"Tersk StudHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and by utilizing horses captured in Poland they were able to re-establish their breeding program soon after the end of World War II. The Americans brought Arabian horses captured in Europe to the United States, mostly to the Pomona HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Remount_Service"U.S. Army RemountHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" station, the former HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._K._Kellogg_Arabian_Horse_Center"W.K. Kellogg RanchHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in California.[151]

In the postwar era, Poland,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection117-152"[152]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Spain,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection143-150"[150]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and Germany developed or re-established many well-respected Arabian stud farms.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection126-153"[153]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The studs of Poland in particular were decimated by both the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"NazisHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the Soviets, but were able to reclaim some of their breeding stock and became particularly world-renowned for their quality Arabian horses, tested rigorously by racing and other performance standards.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer58-154"[154]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" During the 1950s, the Russians also obtained additional horses from Egypt to augment their breeding programs.[155]

After the Cold WarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=25"edit]

While only a few Arabians were exported from behind the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain"Iron CurtainHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" during the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"Cold WarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", those who did come to the west caught the eye of breeders worldwide. Improved international relations between eastern Europe and the west led to major imports of Polish and Russian-bred Arabian horses to western Europe and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Derry120-156"[156]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, greater political stability in Egypt, and the rise of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"European UnionHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" all increased international trade in Arabian horses. Organizations such as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Arabian_Horse_Association"World Arabian Horse AssociationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (WAHO) created consistent standards for transferring the registration of Arabian horses between different nations. Today, Arabian horses are traded all over the world.[157]

In AmericaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=26"edit]

The first horses on the American mainland since the end of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age"Ice AgeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" arrived with the Spanish HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadors"ConquistadorsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s"Hernán CortésHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" brought 16 horses of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horse"AndalusianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_(horse)"BarbHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and Arabian ancestry to Mexico in 1519. Others followed, such as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado"Francisco Vásquez de CoronadoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", who brought 250 horses of similar breeding to America in 1540.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Green-158"[158]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" More horses followed with each new arrival of Conquistadors, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"missionariesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and settlers. Many horses escaped or were stolen, becoming the foundation stock of the American HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(horse)"MustangHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Forbis15-159"[159][160]

Early importsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=27"edit]

Colonists from England also brought horses of Arabian breeding to the eastern seaboard. One example was Nathaniel Harrison, who imported a horse of Arabian, Barb and Turkish ancestry to America in 1747.[158]

Washington Taking Control of the American Army, at Cambridge, Massachusetts July 1775. Copy of lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1876.

One of George WashingtonHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"'s primary mounts during the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"American Revolutionary WarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" was a gray half-Arabian horse named HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueskin_(horse)"BlueskinHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", sired by the stallion HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"RangerHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", also known as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Lindsay's ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", said to have been obtained from the Sultan of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"MoroccoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Hur-161"[161]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-162"[162]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Other Presidents are linked to ownership of Arabian horses; in 1840, President HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"Martin Van BurenHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" received two Arabians from the Sultan of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"OmanHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Green-158"[158]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and in 1877, President HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"Ulysses S. GrantHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" obtained an Arabian stallion, Leopard, and a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_(horse)"BarbHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", Linden Tree, as gifts from HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"Abdul Hamid IIHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Sultan of Turkey.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-IMH-79"[79]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-North_America-163"[163][164]

A. Keene Richard was the first American known to have specifically bred Arabian horses. He traveled to the desert in 1853 and 1856 to obtain breeding stock, which he crossed on HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbreds"ThoroughbredsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and also bred purebred Arabians. Unfortunately, his horses were lost during the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"Civil WarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and have no known purebred Arabian descendants today.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p29-165"[165]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Another major U.S. political figure, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward"William H. SewardHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" purchased four Arabians in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"BeirutHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in 1859, prior to becoming HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"Secretary of StateHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" to HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"Abraham LincolnHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".[166]

Leopard is the only stallion imported prior to 1888 who left known purebred descendants in America.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer72-167"[167]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" In 1888 Randolph Huntington imported the desert-bred Arabian mare *Naomi, and bred her to Leopard, producing Leopard's only purebred Arabian son, Anazeh, who sired eight purebred Arabian foals, four of whom still appear in pedigrees today.[168]

Development of purebred breeding in AmericaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=28"edit]

Exhibitor from HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"SyriaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" holding an Arabian horse at the Hamidie Society exhibition, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"World's Columbian Exposition, 1893.

In 1908, the Arabian Horse Registry of America was established, recording 71 animals,[163]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and by 1994, the number had reached half a million. Today there are more Arabians registered in North America than in the rest of the world put together.[169]

The origins of the registry date to 1893, when the Hamidie Society sponsored an exhibit of Arabian horses from what today is HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"SyriaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" at the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"World FairHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"ChicagoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-North_America-163"[163]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" This exhibition raised considerable interest in Arabian horses. Records are unclear if 40 or 45 horses were imported for the exposition, but seven died in a fire shortly after arrival. The 28 horses that remained at the end of the exhibition stayed in America and were sold at auction when the Hamidie Society went bankrupt.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-CraverAHW-170"[170]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" These horses caught the interest of American breeders,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-North_America-163"[163]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Derry137-171"[171]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" including Peter Bradley of the Hingham Stock Farm, who purchased some Hamidie horses at the auction, and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Davenport"Homer DavenportHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", another admirer of the Hamidie imports.[170]

Major Arabian importations to the United States included those of Davenport and Bradley, who teamed up to purchase several stallions and mares directly from the Bedouin in 1906.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Derry137-171"[171]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Spencer Borden of the Interlachen Stud made several importations between 1898 and 1911;HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-North_America-163"[163]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer73-172"[172]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_Brown"W.R. BrownHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of the Maynesboro Stud, interested in the Arabian as a cavalry mount, imported many Arabians over a period of years, starting in 1918.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-North_America-163"[163]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Another wave of imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Keith_Kellogg"W.K. KelloggHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Babson"Henry BabsonHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", Roger Selby, James Draper, and others imported Arabian bloodstock from Crabbet Park Stud in England, as well as from Poland, Spain and Egypt.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-North_America-163"[163]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer74-173"[173]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The breeding of Arabians was fostered by the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._Army_Remount_Service"U. S. Army Remount ServiceHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", which stood purebred stallions at public stud for a reduced rate.[174]

Several Arabians, mostly of Polish breeding, were captured from HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"Nazi GermanyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and imported to the U.S.A. following World War II.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p111-175"[175]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" In 1957, two deaths in England led to more sales to the United States: first from Crabbet Stud on the demise of Lady Wentworth,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely79-176"[176]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and then from Hanstead with the passing of Gladys Yule.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Cadran2-140"[140]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" As the tensions of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"Cold WarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" eased, more Arabians were imported to America from Poland and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"EgyptHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and in the late 1970s, as political issues surrounding import regulations and the recognition of stud books were resolved, many Arabian horses were imported from Spain and Russia.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-WAHO-95"[95][177]

Modern trendsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=29"edit]

In the 1980s, Arabians became a popular HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_symbol"status symbolHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and were marketed similarly to HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"fine artHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-178"[178]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Some individuals also used horses as a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_shelter"tax shelterHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection129-179"[179]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Prices skyrocketed, especially in the United States, with a record-setting public auction price for a mare named HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NH_Love_Potion&action=edit&redlink=1"NH Love PotionHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", who sold for $2.55 million in 1984, and the largest syndication in history for an Arabian stallion, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron_(horse)&action=edit&redlink=1"PadronHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", at $11 million.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-180"[180]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The potential for profit led to over-breeding of the Arabian. When the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986"Tax Reform Act of 1986HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" closed the tax-sheltering HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_investment"passive investmentHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" loophole, limiting the use of horse farms as tax shelters,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-181"[181]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection129a-182"[182]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" the Arabian market was particularly vulnerable due to over-saturation and artificially inflated prices, and it collapsed, forcing many breeders into bankruptcy and sending many purebred Arabians to HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_slaughter"slaughterHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection129a-182"[182]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-183"[183]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Prices recovered slowly, with many breeders moving away from producing HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"living artHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and towards a horse more suitable for amateur owners and many riding disciplines. By 2003, a survey found that 67% of purebred Arabian horses in America are owned for recreational riding purposes.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-184"[184]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" As of 2013, there are more than 660,000 Arabians that have been registered in the United States, and the US has the largest number of Arabians of any nation in the world.[185]

In AustraliaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=30"edit]

The Arabian stallion Hector, or HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Old HectorHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" was an early import to Australia whose bloodlines are still found today in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_chart"pedigrees of some Australian Thoroughbreds.

Early importsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=31"edit]

Arabian horses were introduced to Australia in the earliest days of European Settlement. Early imports included both purebred Arabians and light Spanish HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennet"jennetsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" from HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"AndalusiaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", many Arabians also came from India. Based on records describing stallions HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"of Arabic and Persian bloodHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the first Arabian horses were probably imported to Australia in several groups between 1788 and 1802.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Upton74-186"[186]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" About 1803, a merchant named Robert Campbell imported a bay Arabian stallion, Hector, from India;HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Upton74-186"[186]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Hector was said to have been owned by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"Arthur WellesleyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", who later became known as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(title)"Duke of WellingtonHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Barrie-187"[187]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" In 1804 two additional Arabians, also from India, arrived in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"TasmaniaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" one of whom, White William, sired the first purebred Arabian foal born in Australia, a stallion named Derwent.[186]

Throughout the 19th century, many more Arabians came to Australia, though most were used to produce HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbred"crossbredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" horses and left no recorded HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purebred"purebredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"descendants.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Upton74-186"[186]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The first significant imports to be permanently recorded with offspring still appearing in modern purebred Arabian pedigrees were those of James Boucaut, who in 1891 imported several Arabians from HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Scawen_Blunt"WilfredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Blunt"Lady Anne BluntHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"'s HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabbet_Arabian_Stud"Crabbet Arabian StudHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in England.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely121-188"[188]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Purebred Arabians were used to improve racehorses and some of them became quite famous as such; about 100 Arabian sires are included in the Australian Stud Book (for HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"ThoroughbredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racehorse"racehorsesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse").HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Barrie-187"[187]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" The military was also involved in the promotion of breeding calvalry horses, especially around World War I.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Greely121-188"[188]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" They were part of the foundation of several breeds considered uniquely Australian, including the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Pony"Australian PonyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waler"WalerHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Stock_Horse"Australian Stock HorseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".[189]

In the 20th and 21st centuriesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=32"edit]

In the early 20th century, more Arabian horses, mostly of Crabbet bloodlines, arrived in Australia. The first Arabians of Polish breeding arrived in 1966, and Egyptian lines were first imported in 1970. Arabian horses from the rest of the world followed, and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the world, next to that of the United States.[190]

Modern breedingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=33"edit]

A postage stamp from the Soviet Union featuring the Arabian horse

Arabian horses today are found all over the world. They are no longer classified by Bedouin strain, but are informally classified by the nation of origin of famed horses in a given pedigree. Popular types of Arabians are labeled "Polish", "Spanish", "Crabbet", "Russian", "Egyptian", and "Domestic" (describing horses whose ancestors were imported to the United States prior to 1944, including those from programs such as KelloggHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Davenport"DavenportHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_Brown"MaynesboroHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Babson"BabsonHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", Dickenson and Selby). In the USA, a specific mixture of Crabbet, Maynesboro and Kellogg bloodlines has acquired the copyrighted designation HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"CMK.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""[191]

Each set of bloodlines has its own devoted followers, with the virtues of each hotly debated. Most debates are between those who value the Arabian most for its refined beauty and those who value the horse for its stamina and athleticism; there are also a number of breeders who specialize in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservation_breeding"preservation breedingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of various bloodlines. Controversies exist over the relative HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"purityHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of certain animals; breeders argue about the genetic HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"purityHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of various pedigrees, discussing whether some horses descend from HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"impureHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" animals that cannot be traced to the desert Bedouin.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Perfection139-192"[192] The major factions are as follows:

•          The Arabian Horse Association (AHA) states, "The origin of the purebred Arabian horse was the Arabian desert, and all Arabians ultimately trace their lineage to this source." In essence, all horses accepted for registration in the United States are deemed to be "purebred" Arabians by AHA.[191]

•          The HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Arabian_Horse_Association"World Arabian Horse AssociationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (WAHO) has the broadest definition of a purebred Arabian. WAHO states, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"A Purebred Arabian horse is one which appears in any purebred Arabian Stud Book or Register listed by WAHO as acceptable.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" By this definition, over 95% of the known purebred Arabian horses in the world are registered in stud books acceptable to WAHO.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-193"[193]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" WAHO also researched the purity question in general, and its findings are on its web site, describing both the research and the political issues surrounding Arabian horse bloodlines, particularly in America.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-WAHO-95"[95]

•          At the other end of the spectrum, organizations focused on bloodlines that are the most meticulously documented to desert sources have the most restrictive definitions. For example, The Asil Club in Europe only accepts HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"a horse whose pedigree is exclusively based on Bedouin breeding of the Arabian peninsula, without any crossbreeding with non-Arabian horses at any time.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-194"[194]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Likewise, the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Khamsa"Al KhamsaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" organization takes the position that HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"The horse...which are called HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Al Khamsa Arabian Horses,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" are those horses in North America that can reasonably be assumed to descend entirely from bedouin Arabian horses bred by horse-breeding bedouin tribes of the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without admixture from sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-195"[195]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Most restrictive of all are horses identified as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"straight EgyptianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" by the Pyramid Society, which must trace in all lines to the desert and also to horses owned or bred by specific Egyptian breeding programs.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-196"[196]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" By this definition, straight Egyptian Arabians constitute only 2% of all Arabian horses in America.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-197"[197]

•          Ironically, some pure-blooded desert-bred Arabians in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"SyriaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" had enormous difficulties being accepted as registrable purebred Arabians because many of the Bedouin who owned them saw no need to obtain a piece of paper to verify the purity of their horses. However, eventually the Syrians developed a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_registry"stud bookHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" for their animals that was accepted by the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) in 2007.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-198"[198]

Influence on other horse breedsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=34"edit]

The Darley Arabian, a foundation sire of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"Thoroughbred.

Because of the geneticHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" strength of the desert-bred Arabian horse, Arabian bloodlines have played a part in the development of nearly every modern light horse breed, including the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"ThoroughbredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer104-130"[130]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlov_Trotter"Orlov TrotterHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer113-199"[199]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_horse"MorganHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer115-200"[200]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Saddlebred"American SaddlebredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-201"[201]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse"American Quarter HorseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer115-200"[200]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmblood"WarmbloodHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"breeds such as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakehner"TrakehnerHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer114-202"[202]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Arabian bloodlines have also influenced the development of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Pony"Welsh PonyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer115-200"[200]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Stock_Horse"Australian Stock HorseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Archer115-200"[200]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percheron"PercheronHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_horse"draft horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-203"[203]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appaloosa"AppaloosaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-204"[204]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Ranger"Colorado RangerHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Horse.[205]

Today, people cross Arabians with other breeds to add refinement, endurance, agility and beauty. In the USA, Half-Arabians have their own registry within the Arabian Horse Association, which includes a special section for HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Arabian"Anglo-ArabiansHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (Arabian-Thoroughbred crosses).HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-206"[206]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Some crosses originally registered only as Half-Arabians became popular enough to have their own breed registry, including the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Show_Horse"National Show HorseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (an Arabian-Saddlebred cross),HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-207"[207]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarab"QuarabHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (Arabian-Quarter Horse),HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-208"[208]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintabian"PintabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-209"[209]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welara"WelaraHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (Arabian-Welsh Pony),HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-210"[210]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morab"MorabHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" (Arabian-Morgan).HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Morab-211"[211]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" In addition, some Arabians and Half Arabians have been approved for breeding by some HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmblood"WarmbloodHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" registries, particularly the Trakehner registry.[212]

There is intense debate over the role the Arabian played in the development of other light horse breeds. Before DNA-based research developed, one hypothesis, based on body types and conformation, suggested the light, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"dryHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_horse"oriental horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" adapted to the desert climate had developed prior to domestication;HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Bennett7-213"[213]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" DNA studies of multiple horse breeds now suggest that while domesticated horses arose from multiple mare lines, there is very little variability in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosome"Y-chromosomeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" between breeds.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Lindgren2004-214"[214]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Following HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse"domestication of the horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", due to the location of the Middle East as a crossroads of the ancient world, and relatively near the earliest locations of domestication,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-215"[215]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" oriental horses spread throughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times. There is little doubt that humans crossed HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"orientalHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" blood on that of other types to create light riding horses; the only actual questions are at what point the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"orientalHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" prototype could be called an HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", how much Arabian blood was mixed with local animals, and at what point in history.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p16-98"[98][216]

For some breeds, such as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"ThoroughbredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", Arabian influence of specific animals is documented in written stud books.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Derry155-217"[217]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" For older breeds, dating the influx of Arabian ancestry is more difficult. For example, while outside cultures, and the horses they brought with them, influenced the predecessor to the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_horse"Iberian horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in both the time of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"Ancient RomeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and again with the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic"IslamicHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"invasions of the 8th century, it is difficult to trace precise details of the journeys taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they traveled from the Middle East to North Africa and across Gibraltar to southern Europe. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"Mitochondrial DNAHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" studies of modern HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horse"Andalusian horsesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsula"Iberian peninsulaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_(horse)"BarbHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" horses of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar"Strait of GibraltarHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and influenced one another.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-218"[218]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Though these studies did not compare Andalusian and Barb HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA"mtDNAHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" to that of Arabian horses, there is evidence that horses resembling Arabians, whether before or after the breed was called an HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", were part of this genetic mix. Arabians and Barbs, though probably related to one another, are quite different in appearance,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Wentworth36-219"[219]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and horses of both Arabian and Barb type were present in the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"MuslimHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" armies that occupied Europe.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Campiglio-132"[132]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" There is also historical documentation that Islamic invaders raised Arabian horses in Spain prior to the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"ReconquistaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse";HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-220"[220]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" the Spanish also documented imports of Arabian horses in 1847, 1884 and 1885 that were used to improve existing Spanish stock and revive declining equine populations.[132]

UsesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=35"edit]

Arabians are versatile horses that compete in many HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"equestrianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" fields, including HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"horse racingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_show"horse showHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" disciplines of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_seat"saddle seatHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pleasure"Western pleasureHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_seat"hunt seatHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", as well as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage"dressageHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(sport)"cuttingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reining"reiningHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_riding"endurance ridingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"show jumpingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventing"eventingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", youth events such as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitation"equitationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and others. They are used as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_riding"pleasure ridingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_riding"trail ridingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and working HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch"ranchHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" horses for those who are not interested in competition.[221]

CompetitionHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=36"edit]

See also: HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association"Arabian Horse AssociationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and Endurance riding

Arabians dominate the sport of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_riding"endurance ridingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" because of their stamina. They are the leading breed in competitions such as the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevis_Cup"Tevis CupHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" that can cover up to 100 miles (160 km) in a day,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-222"[222]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and they participate in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports"FEIHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"-sanctioned endurance events worldwide, including the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Equestrian_Games"World Equestrian GamesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".[223]

There is an extensive series of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_show"horse showsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in the United States and Canada for Arabian, Half-Arabian, and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Arabian"Anglo-ArabianHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" horses, sanctioned by the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation"USEFHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in conjunction with the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association"Arabian Horse AssociationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse". Classes offered include HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pleasure"Western pleasureHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reining"reiningHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_seat"hunter typeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_seat"saddle seatHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pleasure"English pleasureHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halter_(horse_show)"halterHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", plus the very popular HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"NativeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" costume class.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-224"[224]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-225"[225]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_horse"Sport horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" events for Arabian horses have become popular in North America, particularly after the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Horse_Association"Arabian Horse AssociationHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" began hosting a separate Arabian and Half Arabian Sport Horse National Championship in 2003HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-226"[226]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" that by 2004 grew to draw 2000 entries.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-227"[227]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" This competition draws Arabian and part-Arabian horses that perform in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_hunter"hunterHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"jumperHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", sport horse under saddle, sport horse in hand, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage"dressageHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_driving"combined drivingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" competition.[228]

An Arabian horse in "native" costume, used in both exhibition and competition

Other nations also sponsor major shows strictly for purebred and partbred Arabians, including Great Britain[229]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" France,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-Mazz-230"[230]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Spain,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-231"[231]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Poland,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-232"[232]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"United Arab EmiratesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".[233]

Purebred Arabians have excelled in open events against other breeds. One of the most famous examples in the field of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_riding"western ridingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" competition was the Arabian HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_(horse)"mareHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Varian"RontezaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", who defeated 50 horses of all breeds to win the 1961 HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_cow_horse"Reined Cow HorseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-234"[234]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p247-235"[235]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Another Arabian competitive against all breeds was the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion_(horse)"stallionHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Aaraf who won an all-breed HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(sport)"cutting horseHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" competition at the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_American_Quarter_Horse_Congress"Quarter Horse CongressHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in the 1950s.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-236"[236]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" In HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"show jumpingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_hunter"show hunterHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" competition, a number of Arabians have competed successfully against other breeds in open competition,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-GBE73p247-235"[235]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" including the purebred HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelding"geldingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Russian Roulette, who has won multiple jumping classes against horses of all breeds on the open circuit,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-237"[237]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and in eventing, a purebred Arabian competed on the Brazilian team at the 2004 Athens Olympics.[238]

Part-Arabians have also appeared at open sport horse events and even HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics"OlympicHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" level competition. The Anglo-Arabian Linon was ridden to an Olympic silver medal for France in Dressage in 1928 and 1932, as well as a team gold in 1932, and another French Anglo-Arabian, Harpagon, was ridden to a team gold medal and an individual silver in dressage at the 1948 Olympics.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-239"[239]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-240"[240]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" At the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics"1952 OlympicsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the French rider Pierre d'Oriola won the Gold individual medal in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"show jumpingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" on the Anglo-Arabian Ali Baba.HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-241"[241]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Another Anglo-Arabian, HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarillo_(horse)"TamarilloHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", ridden by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fox-Pitt"William Fox-PittHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", represents the United Kingdom in FEI and Olympic competition, winning many awards, including first place at the 2004 HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_Horse_Trials"Badminton Horse TrialsHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-242"[242]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" More recently a gelding named HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_O%27Connor"Theodore O'ConnorHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", nicknamed HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"TeddyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", a 14.1 (or 14.2, sources vary) hand HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony"ponyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"ThoroughbredHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", Arabian, and HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland_pony"Shetland ponyHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" breeding, won two gold medals at the 2007 HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games"Pan American GamesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and was finished in the top six at the 2007 and 2008 HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolex_Kentucky_Three_Day"Rolex Kentucky Three DayHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" CCI competition.[243]

Other activitiesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"[HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_horse&action=edit&section=37"edit]

Rudolph Valentino and Jadaan. Publicity shot for HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Son_of_the_Sheik"The Son of the Sheik, 1926

Arabians are involved in a wide variety of activities, including fairs, movies, parades, circuses and other places where horses are showcased. They have been popular in movies, dating back to the silent film era when Rudolph ValentinoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" rode the Kellogg Arabian stallion Jadaan in 1926's HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_the_Sheik"Son of the SheikHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-244"[244]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and have been seen in many other films, including HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Stallion_(film)"The Black StallionHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" featuring the stallion HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Ole"Cass OleHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse",HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-245"[245]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Black_Stallion"The Young Black StallionHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", which used over 40 Arabians during filming,HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-246"[246]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" as well as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_(film)"HidalgoHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-247"[247]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" and the 1959 version of HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)"Ben-HurHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".[248]

Arabians are mascots for football teams, performing crowd-pleasing activities on the field and sidelines. One of the horses who serves as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveler_(mascot)""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveler_(mascot)"TravelerHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveler_(mascot)""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", the mascot for the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"University of Southern CaliforniaHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Trojans_football"TrojansHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", has been a purebred Arabian. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_(mascot)"ThunderHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", a HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"stage nameHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" for the purebred Arabian stallion J B Kobask, was mascot for the HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"Denver BroncosHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" from 1993 until his retirement in 2004, when the Arabian gelding Winter Solstyce took over as HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"Thunder IIHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse""HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse".HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse#cite_note-249"[249]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Pomona"Cal Poly Pomona'sHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.K._Kellogg_Arabian_Horse_Center"W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse CenterHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" Equestrian Unit has made Arabian horses a regular sight at the annual HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_of_Roses_Parade"Tournament of Roses ParadeHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" held each New Year's Day in Pasadena, California.[250]

Arabians also are used on HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"search and rescueHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" teams and occasionally for police work. Some Arabians are used in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo"poloHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" in the USA and Europe, in the Turkish equestrian sport of Cirit (pronounced HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"[dʒiˈɾit]HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"), as well as in HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"circusesHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_horseback_riding"therapeutic horseback ridingHYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" programs, and on HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_ranch"guest ranches.

 

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse

 

2. Speakers: