Pulsars & Black Holes

Pulsars & Black Holes

source:http://www.miracles-of-quran.com/pulsars_black_holes.htm

When large mass concentrates into very small volume it makes a black hole

Pulsars are rotating neutron stars. Most neutron stars discovered today are in the form of radio pulsars.They are called radio pulsars because they emit radio waves. We can simply connect a radio telescope to a loud speaker and hear a pulsar. Pulsars sound like someone persistently knocking. Click here and listen to a slow knocking pulsar. Click here and listen to a fast knocking pulsar. So in short, we can hear a pulsar knock.

Pulsar selection using fuzzy knn classifier

Pulsars are rare type of stars that emit radio signals that could be detected from earth. Astronomy scientists give more attention to this type of stars for many reasons. In the near past, the problem of pulsar selection was carried out manually. Recently, neural networktechniques are proposed to solve the problem. In this paper, we present a novel technique to efficiently selecting pulsars. The proposed algorithm is based on the fuzzy knn classifier. Results show that, the proposed algorithm outperforms five other classifiers, including neural network classifiers, using three evaluation metrics. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on the recent HITRU 2 dataset.Pulsars are a rare type of stars that produce radio signals detectable from the Earth. When pulsars rotate, their emission beam sweeps across the sky. So, a detectable pattern of broadband radio emission is produced when this beam crosses our line of sight. The pattern repeats periodically when pulsars rotate rapidly.Pulsars are laboratories for extreme physics unachievable on the earth. They are very important as they may be used as probes of space-time, inter stellar medium, super fluid, states of matter, and many others. Currently, there are around 2200 known pulsars in the Milky Way, the Magellanic clouds, and globular clusters .

The Arabic word "Thukb" means a hole; "Thakeb" means the one who makes the hole. The Quran is describing a knocking star that makes a hole

Strong-field tests of gravity using pulsars and black holes

The sensitivity of the SKA enables a number of tests of theories of gravity. A Galactic Census of pulsars will discover most of the active pulsars in the Galaxy beamed toward us. In this census will almost certainly be pulsar–black hole binaries as well as pulsars orbiting the supermassive black hole in the Galactic centre. These systems are unique in their capability to probe the ultra-strong field limit of relativistic gravity. These measurements can be used to test the Cosmic Censorship Conjecture and the No-Hair theorem.
The large number of millisecond pulsars discovered with the SKA will also provide a dense array of precision clocks on the sky. These clocks will act as the multiple arms of a huge gravitational wave detector, which can be used to detect and measure the stochastic cosmological gravitational wave background that is expected from a number of sources.
source:Referene Link

The star explodes like this and falls down on itself and start to form the pulsating Neutron star in its center to release pulses like a hammer.
Source: the American space agency NASA.

A piercing radiation
Scientists confirm that these stars emits great and shining radiation, in 1979 scientists had recorded the most brighten radiation in the sky caused by a piercing neutron star , as this star had emitted a huge amount of gamma rays which is the most powerful kind of rays , it emits in 0.2 second an amount of piercing radiation which are equal to the emitted rays from the sun in 1000 year! ! Scientists said that they didn't see anything with that power and shine before !!

Piercing star in numbers

The neutron star is a star which is slightly heavy than the sun and is running out of its Nuclear fuel ,and is no longer able to flame , so it started to shrink on itself and fall down toward the center of the star which cause its compression and the disassembly of its atoms by the huge gravity to protons and electrons and then these bodies merge to transfer to be neutrons , but the nucleus became in a different status as the iron atoms inside it start to be formed , you can imagine a huge ball of iron surrounded with a condensed liquid of neutrons , simply that is the neutron star.The neutron star is about 1.4 to 5 times weight of the sun and if its weight is larger than that, it will be transferred to a black hole.. The radius of the star is about 10 to 20 kilometers.
So if we have a neutron star with a weight 1.4 of the sun weight and a radius of 15 kilometers,and if we know that the weight of sun is 2 beside 30 zeros kilogram , which is two thousand billion billion billion kilogram , so weight of that neutron star is 2,8 thousand billion billion billion kilogram , with a small calculation we conclude that each cubic centimeter of that star has a weight of 200 thousand million kilogram !!

we can imagine if we got a very small needle from that Piercing star , its weight would be 200 million kilogram , if we put this Piercing neutron needle on earth it would penetrate it !!So what could happen if we got a star with a diameter of 20 kilometer? We have to realize the hugeness and grandeur of these stars and
its importance in the sky; these are one of god verses to show the greatness of the Creator be he blessed and Exalted.

Accurate cosmic watches!

These stars are turning in a very high speed, to be a hundreds of turns each second, they are so accurate so it can be used to be an accurate cosmic watches. Its turning generates very powerful magnetic field equals to one thousand million double of the magnetic field of earth.

The reason we hear these knocks is the huge turning speed of these stars around its center, during the turning of the star it gives regular knocks and emits radiations. This can pierce anything, so turning of these stars causes knocking and piercing.

Pierces anything

In United States and Europe scientists observed the attracting waves issued by the Piercing stars, they said if the light can hit the physical barriers but it can't penetrate it , the emitted huge attracting waves by the Piercing star can penetrate anything,even our bodies as these waves penetrate us every moment but we don't feel with that. !
There are very precise particles emitted by these stars in large amounts during its formation after the explosion of the original star, it called ' Neutrino' scientists says that :
"Neutrinos are electrically neutral, virtually mass-less elementary particles that can pass through miles of lead unhindered.This means that neutrons are particles with no charge and has no mass, these primitive particles penetrate the lead for many miles and nothing can obstruct it.

The iron hammer

Scientists defines these creatures as: ''Their surface is solid crystalline iron, and would ring like a bell were it to be hit with a hammer". It was a wonder when I knew that scientists have found that these stars consists of many layers and the heart of these stars are formed of iron , and during the formation of these stars the iron Nucleus knock on these layers like a hummer as they says in a study:
"In the star, the outer layers of the core are like the hammer, and the core is the rubber ball".
Scientists confirm that there is an internal knock inside the star and outside knock due to the rotation of the star as an emitted organized knocks reach earth like a radio waves .it means that scientists believe in a continues knocks like bell knocking

Sound of the cosmic hammer

To explore these stars scientists record the generated explosions from it then they analyze it to know the internal structure of the star , exactly the same as what Earth scientists do in measuring earthquakes and record earth vibrations to realize the internal structure of earth and its layers.
Professor Richard Rothschild from California University [11] who studied these beautiful bodies for a long time tells us about one of these stellar explosions and says:
"This explosion was akin to hitting the neutron star with a gigantic hammer, causing it to ring like a bell,"
Scientists had recorded the sound of these stars and we can hear the sound of this giant cosmic hammer as this giant hammer rotate 30 turn per second and the one knock takes 0.715 second.
This sound emits from one of the brightest stars in universe, as its light Pierce the sky, its Radius is up to 10 kilometer with a larger weight than the sun weight.
⦁ Knocking in Arabic language is to knock with a hammer, so is the knocking of these stars real and audible? Scientists confirm that these knocks are real and are not figurative. Also scientists says that these stars emits a sound like a hammer, with a frequency of many hundreds of hertz, so the human ear can hear it, but because the sound needs a medium , and that medium is not existed in space , so these sounds can't directly reached us but it reach us in the form of radio waves and these radio waves can be returned again to its real vibrations which makes the sound like the knocking on the form of an organized knocks .
⦁ In Arabic dictionary, piercing is penetrating, so how can this star pierce and penetrate things? One of the neutron's characteristics is that it is the most heaviest part of the atom and is neutral with no charge as it is neither negative nor positive , so it can penetrate the atom , so scientists use the neutron to smash down the nucleus of the atom .so the best description for the neutron : it easily pierce and penetrate things , so from the scientific point of view the word (piercing ) is suitable to describe the neutron stars .
⦁ Also, these knocking stars emits very tough attracting waves which can penetrate anything in universe including human bodies, as every moment there are an attracting waves that emits our bodies without our feeling , so the name (the piercing ) fit the emitted waves by these stars .
⦁ Scientists consider these stars as one of the wonders of universe and one of the most Beautiful Stars, as it regularly and intermittently emits radio and work like beacons in The sky!
⦁ Scientists says :" These stars are considered to be the best clocks ever known by human , so we can call it the giant cosmic clock.

Interplanetary spacecraft navigation using pulsars

We demonstrate how observations of pulsars can be used to help navigate a spacecraft travelling in the solar system. We make use of archival observations of millisecond pulsars from the Parkes radio telescope in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and highlight issues, such as pulsar spin irregularities, which need to be accounted for. We show that observations of four millisecond pulsars every seven days using a realistic X-ray telescope on the spacecraft throughout a journey from Earth to Mars can lead to position determinations better than ∼20 km and velocity measurements with a precision of ∼0.1 ms−1.

Scientists had found that these stars are the most shining stars in universe. They are amazed about the arise of these stars as they are surrounded by huge amount of cosmic smoke as it suddenly appear and light what is around it

one more astonishing fact in these verses:

Can sound be emitted in space?The emitted frequency of pulsar star is in the audible field, when these radiations are transferred to vibrations, their frequencies would be audible as a hammer. Scientists say: "The frequencies of the pulsars are similar to the frequencies of sound waves that can be heard by the human ear".
Source: Reference Link

Do these verses also indicate to black holes?

These verses speak about a star which has two significant features. The first one is that it is a piercing star the other is that it knocks something hard enough to make sound.
Black holes are the most violent and mysterious phenomenon in the sky. Black holes are the evolutionary endpoints of stars at least 10 to 15 times as massive as the Sun. If a star that massive or larger undergoes a supernova explosion, it may leave behind a fairly massive burned out stellar remnant. With no outward forces to oppose gravitational forces, the remnant will collapse in on itself. The star eventually collapses to the point of zero volume and infinite density, creating what is known as a "singularity ". As the gravitational field is so powerful that nothing, including light, can escape its pull, the black hole has a one-way surface, called the event horizon, into which objects can fall, but out of which nothing can come out. At this we have to clarify very important point – which causes confusion to a lot of people- that we must distinguish between the event horizon of the black hole at which any matter or light can not escape and the point at which the matter of the exploded star is collapsed. If the sun become a black hole it will have an event horizon with radius about 3 km but all its matter will be condensed in a point at the center of the black hole.
(General relativity describes a black hole as a region of empty space with a point like singularity at the center and an event horizon at the outer edge).

The verse indicates to the black hole

The verse describes this phenomenon as the piercing star and this is more accurate description because the matter of the collapsed star which is condensed in singularity is the reason of forming the black hole. So the star itself still there condensed causing the existence of this empty space called black hole. When you describe this phenomenon as a black hole you actually are describing only the empty space but if you describe it the piercing star, then you are describing the matter of star condensed in singularity and the hole of empty space caused by this matter.

Types of black holes

There are two main types of black holes.
⦁ The first one is the stellar black holes
⦁ The second is actually the biggest and greatest phenomenon in the sky, it is the supermassive black holes.

The properties of supermassive black holes

The most significant feature of the supermassive black hole is its mass which exceed all limits of imagination if you know that the mass of stellar black holes can reach 30 times solar mass, the mass of a supermassive black hole can reach ten billion times solar mass. It is formed also as result of collapse of the matter of supermassive star at the beginning of formation of galaxies, so the piercing star which is condensed in a tiny volume causing this supermassive black hole is considered to be the most massive star in the universe.

The discovery begins with Quasars

It has got a long time for scientists to discover the supermassive black holes and the beginning was the discovery of quasars.The QUASi-stellAR radio source (quasar) is a powerfully energetic and distant active galactic nucleus. The most luminous quasars radiate at a rate that can exceed the output of average galaxies, equivalent to one trillion (1012) suns. Scientist for a long time have wondered how does a quasar produce such tremendous luminosity despite its distance from us which reaches billions of light years and the answer came from the most violent thing in sky it is the supermassive black hole.The huge luminosity of quasars results from the accretion discs of central supermassive black holes, which can convert on the order of 10% of the mass of an object into energy as compared to 0.7% for the p-p chain nuclear fusion process that dominates the energy production in sun-like stars.

The cosmic knocks resulted from supermassive black holes
The verses (By the heaven and the Tarik (The Knocker) * Ah, what will tell thee what the Tarik (The knocker) is! * The piercing Star!)(Quran 86:1-3) stated that the piercing star which we explained its relation to supermassive black hole has another significant feature as the verses called it Al-Tarik (The knocker).

Does the piercing star and the resulted supermassive black hole knock?

Part of the matter of accretion disk rotating supermassive black hole which is about to fall in the supermassive black hole is re-emitted as Relativistic jets which are extremely powerful twin jets of plasma being shot along the axis of spin of the accretion disk having a velocity approaching the speed of light. This jet knocks hardly and strongly any thing in its way and for long distances.
And due to the movement of this plasma jet it knocks the interstellar and the intergalactic medium producing real sound waves.

In Sept. 9, 2003: Astronomers using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory have found, for the first time, sound waves from a supermassive black hole. This supermassive black hole resides in the Perseus cluster of galaxies located 250 million light years from Earth. The "note" is the deepest ever detected from any object in our Universe.

The piercing star and the resulted supermassive black hole knocks the intergalactic medium with relativistic jets and as result of this knocking real sound is produced.

The piercing star is in the core of all galaxies

Quasar and related supermassive black holes have been associated to a type of galaxies called active galaxies, but the other type of galaxies called inactive galaxies which includes our galaxy the Milky way are thought for a long time to have no supermassive black holes in their cores, but from about two decades scientists have found a method to determine the existence of supermassive black hole by determining the velocities of stars close to the galactic nuclei and they were surprised when they found a supermassive black hole in all galaxies.
What remained is to know is there a supermassive black hole in our galaxy the Milky way or not. In 2003 American astrophysicist Andrea Ghez and its teamwork (UCLA) and by using high spatial resolution imaging techniques have confirmed the existence of a supermassive black hole in our own galaxy.

The image is now complete each galaxy has its own supermassive black hole, but why there are active galaxies and inactive ones. The answer of this question related to the development of galaxies.

Supermassive black hole and the birth of galaxies

Scientists have found a relationship between the velocity of stars at the edges of galaxies and the mass of the supermassive black holes in the core of these galaxies and because the distance between them are very large so this relation formed in a previous time, the time of galaxy birth as it thought that the galaxies are formed when a huge cloud of gas is collapsed at its core forming supermassive black hole which start to feed on the neighboring gas forming a quasar. This quasar triggers the formation of new stars in the entire galaxy so a new active galaxy is formed, but with time the gas start to get far from the supermassive black hole so it has nothing to feed on and the active galaxy converts to inactive one.
So science today makes a relation between the piercing star and all what wee see in the sky from stars and galaxies. For this reason Allah (SWT) in these verses coupled His oath by heaven regarding its greatness with the piercing star which means that there is a fundamental relationship between this type of stars and all what we see in the sky from stars and galaxies.